Merge branch 'main' into lendemor/stop_ignoring_some_lint_rules

reflex/.templates/web/utils/state.js

@@ -178,11 +178,6 @@ export const applyEvent = async (event, socket) => {
     return false;
   }
 
-  if (event.name == "_console") {
-    console.log(event.payload.message);
-    return false;
-  }
-
   if (event.name == "_remove_cookie") {
     cookies.remove(event.payload.key, { ...event.payload.options });
     queueEventIfSocketExists(initialEvents(), socket);
@@ -213,12 +208,6 @@ export const applyEvent = async (event, socket) => {
     return false;
   }
 
-  if (event.name == "_set_clipboard") {
-    const content = event.payload.content;
-    navigator.clipboard.writeText(content);
-    return false;
-  }
-
   if (event.name == "_download") {
     const a = document.createElement("a");
     a.hidden = true;
@@ -233,11 +222,6 @@ export const applyEvent = async (event, socket) => {
     return false;
   }
 
-  if (event.name == "_alert") {
-    alert(event.payload.message);
-    return false;
-  }
-
   if (event.name == "_set_focus") {
     const ref =
       event.payload.ref in refs ? refs[event.payload.ref] : event.payload.ref;
@@ -254,6 +238,25 @@ export const applyEvent = async (event, socket) => {
     return false;
   }
 
+  if (event.name == "_call_function") {
+    try {
+      const eval_result = event.payload.function();
+      if (event.payload.callback) {
+        if (!!eval_result && typeof eval_result.then === "function") {
+          event.payload.callback(await eval_result);
+        } else {
+          event.payload.callback(eval_result);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      console.log("_call_function", e);
+      if (window && window?.onerror) {
+        window.onerror(e.message, null, null, null, e);
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
   if (event.name == "_call_script") {
     try {
       const eval_result = eval(event.payload.javascript_code);

reflex/__init__.py

@@ -303,10 +303,13 @@ _MAPPING: dict = {
         "EventHandler",
         "background",
         "call_script",
+        "call_function",
+        "run_script",
         "clear_local_storage",
         "clear_session_storage",
         "console_log",
         "download",
+        "noop",
         "prevent_default",
         "redirect",
         "remove_cookie",
@@ -333,6 +336,7 @@ _MAPPING: dict = {
         "State",
         "dynamic",
     ],
+    "istate.wrappers": ["get_state"],
     "style": ["Style", "toggle_color_mode"],
     "utils.imports": ["ImportVar"],
     "utils.serializers": ["serializer"],

reflex/__init__.pyi

@@ -155,17 +155,20 @@ from .constants import Env as Env
 from .event import EventChain as EventChain
 from .event import EventHandler as EventHandler
 from .event import background as background
+from .event import call_function as call_function
 from .event import call_script as call_script
 from .event import clear_local_storage as clear_local_storage
 from .event import clear_session_storage as clear_session_storage
 from .event import console_log as console_log
 from .event import download as download
 from .event import event as event
+from .event import noop as noop
 from .event import prevent_default as prevent_default
 from .event import redirect as redirect
 from .event import remove_cookie as remove_cookie
 from .event import remove_local_storage as remove_local_storage
 from .event import remove_session_storage as remove_session_storage
+from .event import run_script as run_script
 from .event import scroll_to as scroll_to
 from .event import set_clipboard as set_clipboard
 from .event import set_focus as set_focus
@@ -177,6 +180,7 @@ from .experimental import _x as _x
 from .istate.storage import Cookie as Cookie
 from .istate.storage import LocalStorage as LocalStorage
 from .istate.storage import SessionStorage as SessionStorage
+from .istate.wrappers import get_state as get_state
 from .middleware import Middleware as Middleware
 from .middleware import middleware as middleware
 from .model import Model as Model

reflex/app.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import inspect
 import io
 import json
 import multiprocessing
-import os
 import platform
 import sys
 import traceback
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ from reflex.state import (
     code_uses_state_contexts,
 )
 from reflex.utils import codespaces, console, exceptions, format, prerequisites, types
-from reflex.utils.exec import is_prod_mode, is_testing_env, should_skip_compile
+from reflex.utils.exec import is_prod_mode, is_testing_env
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportVar
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -507,7 +506,7 @@ class App(MiddlewareMixin, LifespanMixin):
         # Check if the route given is valid
         verify_route_validity(route)
 
-        if route in self.unevaluated_pages and os.getenv(constants.RELOAD_CONFIG):
+        if route in self.unevaluated_pages and environment.RELOAD_CONFIG.is_set():
             # when the app is reloaded(typically for app harness tests), we should maintain
             # the latest render function of a route.This applies typically to decorated pages
             # since they are only added when app._compile is called.
@@ -724,7 +723,7 @@ class App(MiddlewareMixin, LifespanMixin):
             Whether the app should be compiled.
         """
         # Check the environment variable.
-        if should_skip_compile():
+        if environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.get():
             return False
 
         nocompile = prerequisites.get_web_dir() / constants.NOCOMPILE_FILE
@@ -947,7 +946,7 @@ class App(MiddlewareMixin, LifespanMixin):
         executor = None
         if (
             platform.system() in ("Linux", "Darwin")
-            and (number_of_processes := environment.REFLEX_COMPILE_PROCESSES)
+            and (number_of_processes := environment.REFLEX_COMPILE_PROCESSES.get())
             is not None
         ):
             executor = concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(
@@ -956,7 +955,7 @@ class App(MiddlewareMixin, LifespanMixin):
             )
         else:
             executor = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(
-                max_workers=environment.REFLEX_COMPILE_THREADS
+                max_workers=environment.REFLEX_COMPILE_THREADS.get()
             )
 
         for route, component in zip(self.pages, page_components):

reflex/base.py

@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError:
         from pydantic.fields import ModelField  # type: ignore
 
 
-from reflex import constants
-
-
 def validate_field_name(bases: List[Type["BaseModel"]], field_name: str) -> None:
     """Ensure that the field's name does not shadow an existing attribute of the model.
 
@@ -31,7 +28,8 @@ def validate_field_name(bases: List[Type["BaseModel"]], field_name: str) -> None
     """
     from reflex.utils.exceptions import VarNameError
 
-    reload = os.getenv(constants.RELOAD_CONFIG) == "True"
+    # can't use reflex.config.environment here cause of circular import
+    reload = os.getenv("__RELOAD_CONFIG", "").lower() == "true"
     for base in bases:
         try:
             if not reload and getattr(base, field_name, None):

reflex/compiler/compiler.py

@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ def remove_tailwind_from_postcss() -> tuple[str, str]:
 
 def purge_web_pages_dir():
     """Empty out .web/pages directory."""
-    if not is_prod_mode() and environment.REFLEX_PERSIST_WEB_DIR:
+    if not is_prod_mode() and environment.REFLEX_PERSIST_WEB_DIR.get():
         # Skip purging the web directory in dev mode if REFLEX_PERSIST_WEB_DIR is set.
         return
 

reflex/components/base/script.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.components.component import Component
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import LiteralVar, Var
 
 
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ class Script(Component):
     )
 
     # Triggered when the script is loading
-    on_load: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_load: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Triggered when the script has loaded
-    on_ready: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_ready: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Triggered when the script has errored
-    on_error: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_error: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, *children, **props) -> Component:

reflex/components/component.py

@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ from reflex.event import (
     EventVar,
     call_event_fn,
     call_event_handler,
-    empty_event,
     get_handler_args,
+    no_args_event_spec,
 )
 from reflex.style import Style, format_as_emotion
 from reflex.utils import format, imports, types
@@ -636,21 +636,21 @@ class Component(BaseComponent, ABC):
 
         """
         default_triggers = {
-            EventTriggers.ON_FOCUS: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_FOCUS: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_BLUR: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_BLUR: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_CONTEXT_MENU: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_CONTEXT_MENU: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_DOUBLE_CLICK: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_DOUBLE_CLICK: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_DOWN: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_DOWN: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_UP: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_UP: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_SCROLL: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_SCROLL: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUNT: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUNT: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_UNMOUNT: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_UNMOUNT: no_args_event_spec,
         }
 
         # Look for component specific triggers,
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ class Component(BaseComponent, ABC):
                 annotation = field.annotation
                 if (metadata := getattr(annotation, "__metadata__", None)) is not None:
                     args_spec = metadata[0]
-                default_triggers[field.name] = args_spec or (empty_event)  # type: ignore
+                default_triggers[field.name] = args_spec or (no_args_event_spec)  # type: ignore
         return default_triggers
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
@@ -1722,7 +1722,7 @@ class CustomComponent(Component):
                 value = self._create_event_chain(
                     value=value,
                     args_spec=event_triggers_in_component_declaration.get(
-                        key, empty_event
+                        key, no_args_event_spec
                     ),
                     key=key,
                 )

reflex/components/core/clipboard.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import Dict, List, Tuple, Union
 
 from reflex.components.base.fragment import Fragment
 from reflex.components.tags.tag import Tag
-from reflex.event import EventChain, EventHandler, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventChain, EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.utils.format import format_prop, wrap
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportVar
 from reflex.vars import get_unique_variable_name
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Clipboard(Fragment):
     targets: Var[List[str]]
 
     # Called when the user pastes data into the document. Data is a list of tuples of (mime_type, data). Binary types will be base64 encoded as a data uri.
-    on_paste: EventHandler[identity_event(List[Tuple[str, str]])]
+    on_paste: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(List[Tuple[str, str]])]
 
     # Save the original event actions for the on_paste event.
     on_paste_event_actions: Var[Dict[str, Union[bool, int]]]

reflex/components/core/clipboard.pyi

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union, overload
 
 from reflex.components.base.fragment import Fragment
-from reflex.event import EventType
+from reflex.event import (
+    EventType,
+)
 from reflex.style import Style
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportVar
 from reflex.vars.base import Var

reflex/components/core/debounce.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import Any, Type, Union
 
 from reflex.components.component import Component
 from reflex.constants import EventTriggers
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec
 from reflex.vars import VarData
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class DebounceInput(Component):
     element: Var[Type[Component]]
 
     # Fired when the input value changes
-    on_change: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_change: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, *children: Component, **props: Any) -> Component:

reflex/components/core/upload.py

@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ from reflex.components.el.elements.forms import Input
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.layout.box import Box
 from reflex.config import environment
 from reflex.constants import Dirs
-from reflex.constants.compiler import Imports
+from reflex.constants.compiler import Hooks, Imports
 from reflex.event import (
     CallableEventSpec,
     EventChain,
     EventHandler,
     EventSpec,
     call_event_fn,
-    call_script,
     parse_args_spec,
+    run_script,
 )
 from reflex.utils import format
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportVar
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ def clear_selected_files(id_: str = DEFAULT_UPLOAD_ID) -> EventSpec:
     """
     # UploadFilesProvider assigns a special function to clear selected files
     # into the shared global refs object to make it accessible outside a React
-    # component via `call_script` (otherwise backend could never clear files).
+    # component via `run_script` (otherwise backend could never clear files).
-    return call_script(f"refs['__clear_selected_files']({id_!r})")
+    return run_script(f"refs['__clear_selected_files']({id_!r})")
 
 
 def cancel_upload(upload_id: str) -> EventSpec:
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def cancel_upload(upload_id: str) -> EventSpec:
     Returns:
         An event spec that cancels the upload when triggered.
     """
-    return call_script(
+    return run_script(
         f"upload_controllers[{str(LiteralVar.create(upload_id))}]?.abort()"
     )
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ def get_upload_dir() -> Path:
     """
     Upload.is_used = True
 
-    uploaded_files_dir = environment.REFLEX_UPLOADED_FILES_DIR
+    uploaded_files_dir = environment.REFLEX_UPLOADED_FILES_DIR.get()
     uploaded_files_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     return uploaded_files_dir
 
@@ -285,20 +285,18 @@ class Upload(MemoizationLeaf):
             format.to_camel_case(key): value for key, value in upload_props.items()
         }
 
-        use_dropzone_arguements = {
+        use_dropzone_arguments = {
             "onDrop": event_var,
             **upload_props,
         }
 
         left_side = f"const {{getRootProps: {root_props_unique_name}, getInputProps: {input_props_unique_name}}} "
-        right_side = f"useDropzone({str(Var.create(use_dropzone_arguements))})"
+        right_side = f"useDropzone({str(Var.create(use_dropzone_arguments))})"
 
         var_data = VarData.merge(
             VarData(
                 imports=Imports.EVENTS,
-                hooks={
+                hooks={Hooks.EVENTS: None},
-                    "const [addEvents, connectError] = useContext(EventLoopContext);": None
-                },
             ),
             event_var._get_all_var_data(),
             VarData(

reflex/components/datadisplay/dataeditor.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 from reflex.base import Base
 from reflex.components.component import Component, NoSSRComponent
 from reflex.components.literals import LiteralRowMarker
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.utils import console, format, types
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportDict, ImportVar
 from reflex.utils.serializers import serializer
@@ -284,56 +284,58 @@ class DataEditor(NoSSRComponent):
     theme: Var[Union[DataEditorTheme, Dict]]
 
     # Fired when a cell is activated.
-    on_cell_activated: EventHandler[identity_event(Tuple[int, int])]
+    on_cell_activated: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(Tuple[int, int])]
 
     # Fired when a cell is clicked.
-    on_cell_clicked: EventHandler[identity_event(Tuple[int, int])]
+    on_cell_clicked: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(Tuple[int, int])]
 
     # Fired when a cell is right-clicked.
-    on_cell_context_menu: EventHandler[identity_event(Tuple[int, int])]
+    on_cell_context_menu: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(Tuple[int, int])]
 
     # Fired when a cell is edited.
-    on_cell_edited: EventHandler[identity_event(Tuple[int, int], GridCell)]
+    on_cell_edited: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(Tuple[int, int], GridCell)]
 
     # Fired when a group header is clicked.
-    on_group_header_clicked: EventHandler[identity_event(Tuple[int, int], GridCell)]
+    on_group_header_clicked: EventHandler[
+        passthrough_event_spec(Tuple[int, int], GridCell)
+    ]
 
     # Fired when a group header is right-clicked.
     on_group_header_context_menu: EventHandler[
-        identity_event(int, GroupHeaderClickedEventArgs)
+        passthrough_event_spec(int, GroupHeaderClickedEventArgs)
     ]
 
     # Fired when a group header is renamed.
-    on_group_header_renamed: EventHandler[identity_event(str, str)]
+    on_group_header_renamed: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(str, str)]
 
     # Fired when a header is clicked.
-    on_header_clicked: EventHandler[identity_event(Tuple[int, int])]
+    on_header_clicked: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(Tuple[int, int])]
 
     # Fired when a header is right-clicked.
-    on_header_context_menu: EventHandler[identity_event(Tuple[int, int])]
+    on_header_context_menu: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(Tuple[int, int])]
 
     # Fired when a header menu item is clicked.
-    on_header_menu_click: EventHandler[identity_event(int, Rectangle)]
+    on_header_menu_click: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(int, Rectangle)]
 
     # Fired when an item is hovered.
-    on_item_hovered: EventHandler[identity_event(Tuple[int, int])]
+    on_item_hovered: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(Tuple[int, int])]
 
     # Fired when a selection is deleted.
-    on_delete: EventHandler[identity_event(GridSelection)]
+    on_delete: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(GridSelection)]
 
     # Fired when editing is finished.
     on_finished_editing: EventHandler[
-        identity_event(Union[GridCell, None], tuple[int, int])
+        passthrough_event_spec(Union[GridCell, None], tuple[int, int])
     ]
 
     # Fired when a row is appended.
-    on_row_appended: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_row_appended: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the selection is cleared.
-    on_selection_cleared: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_selection_cleared: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when a column is resized.
-    on_column_resize: EventHandler[identity_event(GridColumn, int)]
+    on_column_resize: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(GridColumn, int)]
 
     def add_imports(self) -> ImportDict:
         """Add imports for the component.

reflex/components/datadisplay/shiki_code_block.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from reflex.components.el.elements.forms import Button
 from reflex.components.lucide.icon import Icon
 from reflex.components.props import NoExtrasAllowedProps
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.layout.box import Box
-from reflex.event import call_script, set_clipboard
+from reflex.event import run_script, set_clipboard
 from reflex.style import Style
 from reflex.utils.exceptions import VarTypeError
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportVar
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def copy_script() -> Any:
     Returns:
         Any: The result of calling the script.
     """
-    return call_script(
+    return run_script(
         f"""
 // Event listener for the parent click
 document.addEventListener('click', function(event) {{
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ document.addEventListener('click', function(event) {{
     }} else {{
         // console.error('Parent element not found.');
     }}
-}});
+}})
 """
     )
 

reflex/components/moment/moment.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import dataclasses
 from typing import List, Optional
 
 from reflex.components.component import NoSSRComponent
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportDict
 from reflex.vars.base import LiteralVar, Var
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class Moment(NoSSRComponent):
     locale: Var[str]
 
     # Fires when the date changes.
-    on_change: EventHandler[identity_event(str)]
+    on_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(str)]
 
     def add_imports(self) -> ImportDict:
         """Add the imports for the Moment component.

reflex/components/next/image.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Union
 
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec
 from reflex.utils import types
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
@@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ class Image(NextComponent):
     blurDataURL: Var[str]
 
     # Fires when the image has loaded.
-    on_load: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_load: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fires when the image has an error.
-    on_error: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_error: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     @classmethod
     def create(

reflex/components/radix/primitives/drawer.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.radix.primitives.base import RadixPrimitiveComponent
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.base import Theme
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.layout.flex import Flex
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.utils import console
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class DrawerRoot(DrawerComponent):
     open: Var[bool]
 
     # Fires when the drawer is opened or closed.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     # When `False`, it allows interaction with elements outside of the drawer without closing it. Defaults to `True`.
     modal: Var[bool]
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class DrawerRoot(DrawerComponent):
     direction: Var[LiteralDirectionType]
 
     # Gets triggered after the open or close animation ends, it receives an open argument with the open state of the drawer by the time the function was triggered.
-    on_animation_end: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_animation_end: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     # When `False`, dragging, clicking outside, pressing esc, etc. will not close the drawer. Use this in combination with the open prop, otherwise you won't be able to open/close the drawer.
     dismissible: Var[bool]
@@ -141,19 +141,19 @@ class DrawerContent(DrawerComponent):
         return {"css": base_style}
 
     # Fired when the drawer content is opened. Deprecated.
-    on_open_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_open_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the drawer content is closed. Deprecated.
-    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed. Deprecated.
-    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer is down outside the drawer content. Deprecated.
-    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when interacting outside the drawer content. Deprecated.
-    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, *children, **props):

reflex/components/radix/primitives/form.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.debounce import DebounceInput
 from reflex.components.el.elements.forms import Form as HTMLForm
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.components.text_field import TextFieldRoot
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from .base import RadixPrimitiveComponentWithClassName
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class FormRoot(FormComponent, HTMLForm):
     alias = "RadixFormRoot"
 
     # Fired when the errors are cleared.
-    on_clear_server_errors: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_clear_server_errors: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     def add_style(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
         """Add style to the component.

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/alert_dialog.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from typing import Literal
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.components.el import elements
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import RadixThemesComponent, RadixThemesTriggerComponent
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AlertDialogRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     open: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when the open state changes.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     # The open state of the dialog when it is initially rendered. Use when you do not need to control its open state.
     default_open: Var[bool]
@@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ class AlertDialogContent(elements.Div, RadixThemesComponent):
     force_mount: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when the dialog is opened.
-    on_open_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_open_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the dialog is closed.
-    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed.
-    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class AlertDialogTitle(RadixThemesComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/checkbox.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.layout.flex import Flex
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.typography.text import Text
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import LiteralVar, Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class Checkbox(RadixThemesComponent):
     _rename_props = {"onChange": "onCheckedChange"}
 
     # Fired when the checkbox is checked or unchecked.
-    on_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
 
 class HighLevelCheckbox(RadixThemesComponent):
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class HighLevelCheckbox(RadixThemesComponent):
     _rename_props = {"onChange": "onCheckedChange"}
 
     # Fired when the checkbox is checked or unchecked.
-    on_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, text: Var[str] = LiteralVar.create(""), **props) -> Component:

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/context_menu.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from typing import Dict, List, Literal, Union
 
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class ContextMenuRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     _invalid_children: List[str] = ["ContextMenuItem"]
 
     # Fired when the open state changes.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     # The reading direction of submenus when applicable. If omitted, inherits globally from DirectionProvider or assumes LTR (left-to-right) reading mode.
     dir: Var[LiteralDirType]
@@ -109,19 +109,19 @@ class ContextMenuContent(RadixThemesComponent):
     hide_when_detached: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when focus moves back after closing.
-    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed.
-    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when a pointer down event happens outside the context menu.
-    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when focus moves outside the context menu.
-    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer interacts outside the context menu.
-    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class ContextMenuSub(RadixThemesComponent):
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class ContextMenuSub(RadixThemesComponent):
     default_open: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when the open state changes.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
 
 class ContextMenuSubTrigger(RadixThemesComponent):
@@ -191,16 +191,16 @@ class ContextMenuSubContent(RadixThemesComponent):
     _valid_parents: List[str] = ["ContextMenuSub"]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed.
-    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when a pointer down event happens outside the context menu.
-    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when focus moves outside the context menu.
-    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when interacting outside the context menu.
-    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class ContextMenuItem(RadixThemesComponent):
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class ContextMenuItem(RadixThemesComponent):
     _valid_parents: List[str] = ["ContextMenuContent", "ContextMenuSubContent"]
 
     # Fired when the item is selected.
-    on_select: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_select: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class ContextMenuSeparator(RadixThemesComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/dialog.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from typing import Literal
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.components.el import elements
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class DialogRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     open: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when the open state changes.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     # The open state of the dialog when it is initially rendered. Use when you do not need to control its open state.
     default_open: Var[bool]
@@ -50,19 +50,19 @@ class DialogContent(elements.Div, RadixThemesComponent):
     size: Var[Responsive[Literal["1", "2", "3", "4"]]]
 
     # Fired when the dialog is opened.
-    on_open_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_open_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the dialog is closed.
-    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed.
-    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer is down outside the dialog.
-    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer interacts outside the dialog.
-    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class DialogDescription(RadixThemesComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/dropdown_menu.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from typing import Dict, List, Literal, Union
 
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class DropdownMenuRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     _invalid_children: List[str] = ["DropdownMenuItem"]
 
     # Fired when the open state changes.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
 
 class DropdownMenuTrigger(RadixThemesTriggerComponent):
@@ -116,19 +116,19 @@ class DropdownMenuContent(RadixThemesComponent):
     hide_when_detached: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when the dialog is closed.
-    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed.
-    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer is down outside the dialog.
-    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when focus moves outside the dialog.
-    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer interacts outside the dialog.
-    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class DropdownMenuSubTrigger(RadixThemesTriggerComponent):
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class DropdownMenuSub(RadixThemesComponent):
     default_open: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when the open state changes.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
 
 class DropdownMenuSubContent(RadixThemesComponent):
@@ -198,16 +198,16 @@ class DropdownMenuSubContent(RadixThemesComponent):
     _valid_parents: List[str] = ["DropdownMenuSub"]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed.
-    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer is down outside the dialog.
-    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when focus moves outside the dialog.
-    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer interacts outside the dialog.
-    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class DropdownMenuItem(RadixThemesComponent):
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ class DropdownMenuItem(RadixThemesComponent):
     _valid_parents: List[str] = ["DropdownMenuContent", "DropdownMenuSubContent"]
 
     # Fired when the item is selected.
-    on_select: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_select: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class DropdownMenuSeparator(RadixThemesComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/hover_card.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from typing import Dict, Literal, Union
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.components.el import elements
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class HoverCardRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     close_delay: Var[int]
 
     # Fired when the open state changes.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
 
 class HoverCardTrigger(RadixThemesTriggerComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/popover.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from typing import Dict, Literal, Union
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.components.el import elements
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class PopoverRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     modal: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when the open state changes.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     # The open state of the popover when it is initially rendered. Use when you do not need to control its open state.
     default_open: Var[bool]
@@ -71,22 +71,22 @@ class PopoverContent(elements.Div, RadixThemesComponent):
     hide_when_detached: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when the dialog is opened.
-    on_open_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_open_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the dialog is closed.
-    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_close_auto_focus: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed.
-    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer is down outside the dialog.
-    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when focus moves outside the dialog.
-    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_focus_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer interacts outside the dialog.
-    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_interact_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class PopoverClose(RadixThemesTriggerComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/radio_cards.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from types import SimpleNamespace
 from typing import Literal, Union
 
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import LiteralAccentColor, RadixThemesComponent
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class RadioCardsRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     loop: Var[bool]
 
     # Event handler called when the value changes.
-    on_value_change: EventHandler[identity_event(str)]
+    on_value_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(str)]
 
 
 class RadioCardsItem(RadixThemesComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/radio_group.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.layout.flex import Flex
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.typography.text import Text
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.utils import types
 from reflex.vars.base import LiteralVar, Var
 from reflex.vars.sequence import StringVar
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class RadioGroupRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     _rename_props = {"onChange": "onValueChange"}
 
     # Fired when the value of the radio group changes.
-    on_change: EventHandler[identity_event(str)]
+    on_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(str)]
 
 
 class RadioGroupItem(RadixThemesComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/select.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from typing import List, Literal, Union
 import reflex as rx
 from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
-from reflex.event import empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ class SelectRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     _rename_props = {"onChange": "onValueChange"}
 
     # Fired when the value of the select changes.
-    on_change: rx.EventHandler[identity_event(str)]
+    on_change: rx.EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(str)]
 
     # Fired when the select is opened or closed.
-    on_open_change: rx.EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: rx.EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
 
 class SelectTrigger(RadixThemesComponent):
@@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ class SelectContent(RadixThemesComponent):
     align_offset: Var[int]
 
     # Fired when the select content is closed.
-    on_close_auto_focus: rx.EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_close_auto_focus: rx.EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed.
-    on_escape_key_down: rx.EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: rx.EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when a pointer down event happens outside the select content.
-    on_pointer_down_outside: rx.EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pointer_down_outside: rx.EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class SelectGroup(RadixThemesComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/slider.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import List, Literal, Optional, Union
 
 from reflex.components.component import Component
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ from ..base import (
 )
 
 on_value_event_spec = (
-    identity_event(list[Union[int, float]]),
+    passthrough_event_spec(list[Union[int, float]]),
-    identity_event(list[int]),
+    passthrough_event_spec(list[int]),
-    identity_event(list[float]),
+    passthrough_event_spec(list[float]),
 )
 
 

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/slider.pyi

@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Union, overload
 
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Breakpoints
-from reflex.event import EventType, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventType, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.style import Style
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import RadixThemesComponent
 
 on_value_event_spec = (
-    identity_event(list[Union[int, float]]),
+    passthrough_event_spec(list[Union[int, float]]),
-    identity_event(list[int]),
+    passthrough_event_spec(list[int]),
-    identity_event(list[float]),
+    passthrough_event_spec(list[float]),
 )
 
 class Slider(RadixThemesComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/switch.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class Switch(RadixThemesComponent):
     _rename_props = {"onChange": "onCheckedChange"}
 
     # Fired when the value of the switch changes
-    on_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
 
 switch = Switch.create

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/tabs.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, List, Literal
 from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.components.core.colors import color
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import (
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TabsRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     _rename_props = {"onChange": "onValueChange"}
 
     # Fired when the value of the tabs changes.
-    on_change: EventHandler[identity_event(str)]
+    on_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(str)]
 
     def add_style(self) -> Dict[str, Any] | None:
         """Add style for the component.

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/tooltip.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from typing import Dict, Literal, Union
 
 from reflex.components.component import Component
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.utils import format
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
@@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ class Tooltip(RadixThemesComponent):
     aria_label: Var[str]
 
     # Fired when the open state changes.
-    on_open_change: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_open_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     # Fired when the escape key is pressed.
-    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_escape_key_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the pointer is down outside the tooltip.
-    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pointer_down_outside: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, *children, **props) -> Component:

reflex/components/react_player/react_player.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
 from reflex.components.component import NoSSRComponent
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 
@@ -57,49 +57,49 @@ class ReactPlayer(NoSSRComponent):
     height: Var[str]
 
     # Called when media is loaded and ready to play. If playing is set to true, media will play immediately.
-    on_ready: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_ready: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when media starts playing.
-    on_start: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_start: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when media starts or resumes playing after pausing or buffering.
-    on_play: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_play: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Callback containing played and loaded progress as a fraction, and playedSeconds and loadedSeconds in seconds. eg { played: 0.12, playedSeconds: 11.3, loaded: 0.34, loadedSeconds: 16.7 }
-    on_progress: EventHandler[identity_event(Progress)]
+    on_progress: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(Progress)]
 
     # Callback containing duration of the media, in seconds.
-    on_duration: EventHandler[identity_event(float)]
+    on_duration: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(float)]
 
     # Called when media is paused.
-    on_pause: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_pause: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when media starts buffering.
-    on_buffer: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_buffer: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when media has finished buffering. Works for files, YouTube and Facebook.
-    on_buffer_end: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_buffer_end: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when media seeks with seconds parameter.
-    on_seek: EventHandler[identity_event(float)]
+    on_seek: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(float)]
 
     # Called when playback rate of the player changed. Only supported by YouTube, Vimeo (if enabled), Wistia, and file paths.
-    on_playback_rate_change: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_playback_rate_change: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when playback quality of the player changed. Only supported by YouTube (if enabled).
-    on_playback_quality_change: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_playback_quality_change: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when media finishes playing. Does not fire when loop is set to true.
-    on_ended: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_ended: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when an error occurs whilst attempting to play media.
-    on_error: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_error: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when user clicks the light mode preview.
-    on_click_preview: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_click_preview: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when picture-in-picture mode is enabled.
-    on_enable_pip: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_enable_pip: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Called when picture-in-picture mode is disabled.
-    on_disable_pip: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_disable_pip: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]

reflex/components/recharts/cartesian.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
 
 from reflex.constants import EventTriggers
 from reflex.constants.colors import Color
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import LiteralVar, Var
 
 from .recharts import (
@@ -109,25 +109,25 @@ class Axis(Recharts):
     text_anchor: Var[LiteralTextAnchor]
 
     # The customized event handler of click on the ticks of this axis
-    on_click: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_click: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousedown on the ticks of this axis
-    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseup on the ticks of this axis
-    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousemove on the ticks of this axis
-    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseout on the ticks of this axis
-    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseenter on the ticks of this axis
-    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseleave on the ticks of this axis
-    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class XAxis(Axis):
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class Brush(Recharts):
             A dict mapping the event trigger to the var that is passed to the handler.
         """
         return {
-            EventTriggers.ON_CHANGE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_CHANGE: no_args_event_spec,
         }
 
 
@@ -293,34 +293,34 @@ class Cartesian(Recharts):
     name: Var[Union[str, int]]
 
     # The customized event handler of animation start
-    on_animation_start: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_animation_start: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of animation end
-    on_animation_end: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_animation_end: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of click on the component in this group
-    on_click: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_click: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousedown on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseup on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousemove on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseover on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseout on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseenter on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseleave on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class Area(Cartesian):
@@ -526,28 +526,28 @@ class Scatter(Recharts):
     animation_easing: Var[LiteralAnimationEasing]
 
     # The customized event handler of click on the component in this group
-    on_click: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_click: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousedown on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseup on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousemove on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseover on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseout on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseenter on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseleave on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class Funnel(Recharts):
@@ -591,34 +591,34 @@ class Funnel(Recharts):
     _valid_children: List[str] = ["LabelList", "Cell"]
 
     # The customized event handler of animation start
-    on_animation_start: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_animation_start: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of animation end
-    on_animation_end: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_animation_end: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of click on the component in this group
-    on_click: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_click: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousedown on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseup on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousemove on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseover on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseout on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseenter on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseleave on the component in this group
-    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class ErrorBar(Recharts):
@@ -715,28 +715,28 @@ class ReferenceDot(Reference):
     _valid_children: List[str] = ["Label"]
 
     # The customized event handler of click on the component in this chart
-    on_click: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_click: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousedown on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseup on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseover on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseout on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseenter on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousemove on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseleave on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class ReferenceArea(Recharts):

reflex/components/recharts/charts.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from reflex.components.component import Component
 from reflex.components.recharts.general import ResponsiveContainer
 from reflex.constants import EventTriggers
 from reflex.constants.colors import Color
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from .recharts import (
@@ -31,16 +31,16 @@ class ChartBase(RechartsCharts):
     height: Var[Union[str, int]] = "100%"  # type: ignore
 
     # The customized event handler of click on the component in this chart
-    on_click: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_click: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseenter on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousemove on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseleave on the component in this chart
-    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     @staticmethod
     def _ensure_valid_dimension(name: str, value: Any) -> None:
@@ -270,16 +270,16 @@ class PieChart(ChartBase):
     ]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousedown on the sectors in this group
-    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseup on the sectors in this group
-    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseover on the sectors in this group
-    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseout on the sectors in this group
-    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class RadarChart(ChartBase):
@@ -330,9 +330,9 @@ class RadarChart(ChartBase):
             A dict mapping the event trigger to the var that is passed to the handler.
         """
         return {
-            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: no_args_event_spec,
         }
 
 
@@ -419,14 +419,14 @@ class ScatterChart(ChartBase):
             A dict mapping the event trigger to the var that is passed to the handler.
         """
         return {
-            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_DOWN: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_DOWN: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_UP: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_UP: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: no_args_event_spec,
         }
 
 
@@ -488,10 +488,10 @@ class Treemap(RechartsCharts):
     animation_easing: Var[LiteralAnimationEasing]
 
     # The customized event handler of animation start
-    on_animation_start: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_animation_start: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of animation end
-    on_animation_end: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_animation_end: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, *children, **props) -> Component:

reflex/components/recharts/general.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
 
 from reflex.components.component import MemoizationLeaf
 from reflex.constants.colors import Color
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import LiteralVar, Var
 
 from .recharts import (
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class ResponsiveContainer(Recharts, MemoizationLeaf):
     debounce: Var[int]
 
     # If specified provides a callback providing the updated chart width and height values.
-    on_resize: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_resize: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Valid children components
     _valid_children: List[str] = [
@@ -104,28 +104,28 @@ class Legend(Recharts):
     margin: Var[Dict[str, Any]]
 
     # The customized event handler of click on the items in this group
-    on_click: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_click: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousedown on the items in this group
-    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseup on the items in this group
-    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousemove on the items in this group
-    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseover on the items in this group
-    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseout on the items in this group
-    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseenter on the items in this group
-    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseleave on the items in this group
-    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class GraphingTooltip(Recharts):
@@ -135,16 +135,16 @@ class GraphingTooltip(Recharts):
 
     alias = "RechartsTooltip"
 
-    # The separator between name and value.
+    # The separator between name and value. Default: ":"
     separator: Var[str]
 
-    # The offset size of tooltip. Number
+    # The offset size of tooltip. Number. Default: 10
     offset: Var[int]
 
-    # When an item of the payload has value null or undefined, this item won't be displayed.
+    # When an item of the payload has value null or undefined, this item won't be displayed. Default: True
     filter_null: Var[bool]
 
-    # If set false, no cursor will be drawn when tooltip is active.
+    # If set false, no cursor will be drawn when tooltip is active. Default: {"strokeWidth": 1, "fill": rx.color("gray", 3)}
     cursor: Var[Union[Dict[str, Any], bool]] = LiteralVar.create(
         {
             "strokeWidth": 1,
@@ -155,16 +155,17 @@ class GraphingTooltip(Recharts):
     # The box of viewing area, which has the shape of {x: someVal, y: someVal, width: someVal, height: someVal}, usually calculated internally.
     view_box: Var[Dict[str, Any]]
 
-    # The style of default tooltip content item which is a li element. DEFAULT: {}
+    # The style of default tooltip content item which is a li element. Default: {"color": rx.color("gray", 12)}
     item_style: Var[Dict[str, Any]] = LiteralVar.create(
         {
             "color": Color("gray", 12),
         }
     )
 
-    # The style of tooltip wrapper which is a dom element. DEFAULT: {}
+    # The style of tooltip wrapper which is a dom element. Default: {}
     wrapper_style: Var[Dict[str, Any]]
-    # The style of tooltip content which is a dom element. DEFAULT: {}
+
+    # The style of tooltip content which is a dom element. Default: {"background": rx.color("gray", 1), "borderColor": rx.color("gray", 4), "borderRadius": "8px"}
     content_style: Var[Dict[str, Any]] = LiteralVar.create(
         {
             "background": Color("gray", 1),
@@ -173,30 +174,28 @@ class GraphingTooltip(Recharts):
         }
     )
 
-    # The style of default tooltip label which is a p element. DEFAULT: {}
+    # The style of default tooltip label which is a p element. Default: {"color": rx.color("gray", 11)}
     label_style: Var[Dict[str, Any]] = LiteralVar.create({"color": Color("gray", 11)})
 
-    # This option allows the tooltip to extend beyond the viewBox of the chart itself. DEFAULT: { x: false, y: false }
+    # This option allows the tooltip to extend beyond the viewBox of the chart itself. Default: {"x": False, "y": False}
-    allow_escape_view_box: Var[Dict[str, bool]] = LiteralVar.create(
+    allow_escape_view_box: Var[Dict[str, bool]]
-        {"x": False, "y": False}
-    )
 
-    # If set true, the tooltip is displayed. If set false, the tooltip is hidden, usually calculated internally.
+    # If set true, the tooltip is displayed. If set false, the tooltip is hidden, usually calculated internally. Default: False
     active: Var[bool]
 
     # If this field is set, the tooltip position will be fixed and will not move anymore.
     position: Var[Dict[str, Any]]
 
-    # The coordinate of tooltip which is usually calculated internally.
+    # The coordinate of tooltip which is usually calculated internally. Default: {"x": 0, "y": 0}
     coordinate: Var[Dict[str, Any]]
 
-    # If set false, animation of tooltip will be disabled. DEFAULT: true in CSR, and false in SSR
+    # If set false, animation of tooltip will be disabled. Default: True
     is_animation_active: Var[bool]
 
-    # Specifies the duration of animation, the unit of this option is ms. DEFAULT: 1500
+    # Specifies the duration of animation, the unit of this option is ms. Default: 1500
     animation_duration: Var[int]
 
-    # The type of easing function. DEFAULT: 'ease'
+    # The type of easing function. Default: "ease"
     animation_easing: Var[LiteralAnimationEasing]
 
 

reflex/components/recharts/general.pyi

@@ -255,22 +255,22 @@ class GraphingTooltip(Recharts):
 
         Args:
             *children: The children of the component.
-            separator: The separator between name and value.
+            separator: The separator between name and value. Default: ":"
-            offset: The offset size of tooltip. Number
+            offset: The offset size of tooltip. Number. Default: 10
-            filter_null: When an item of the payload has value null or undefined, this item won't be displayed.
+            filter_null: When an item of the payload has value null or undefined, this item won't be displayed. Default: True
-            cursor: If set false, no cursor will be drawn when tooltip is active.
+            cursor: If set false, no cursor will be drawn when tooltip is active. Default: {"strokeWidth": 1, "fill": rx.color("gray", 3)}
             view_box: The box of viewing area, which has the shape of {x: someVal, y: someVal, width: someVal, height: someVal}, usually calculated internally.
-            item_style: The style of default tooltip content item which is a li element. DEFAULT: {}
+            item_style: The style of default tooltip content item which is a li element. Default: {"color": rx.color("gray", 12)}
-            wrapper_style: The style of tooltip wrapper which is a dom element. DEFAULT: {}
+            wrapper_style: The style of tooltip wrapper which is a dom element. Default: {}
-            content_style: The style of tooltip content which is a dom element. DEFAULT: {}
+            content_style: The style of tooltip content which is a dom element. Default: {"background": rx.color("gray", 1), "borderColor": rx.color("gray", 4), "borderRadius": "8px"}
-            label_style: The style of default tooltip label which is a p element. DEFAULT: {}
+            label_style: The style of default tooltip label which is a p element. Default: {"color": rx.color("gray", 11)}
-            allow_escape_view_box: This option allows the tooltip to extend beyond the viewBox of the chart itself. DEFAULT: { x: false, y: false }
+            allow_escape_view_box: This option allows the tooltip to extend beyond the viewBox of the chart itself. Default: {"x": False, "y": False}
-            active: If set true, the tooltip is displayed. If set false, the tooltip is hidden, usually calculated internally.
+            active: If set true, the tooltip is displayed. If set false, the tooltip is hidden, usually calculated internally. Default: False
             position: If this field is set, the tooltip position will be fixed and will not move anymore.
-            coordinate: The coordinate of tooltip which is usually calculated internally.
+            coordinate: The coordinate of tooltip which is usually calculated internally. Default: {"x": 0, "y": 0}
-            is_animation_active: If set false, animation of tooltip will be disabled. DEFAULT: true in CSR, and false in SSR
+            is_animation_active: If set false, animation of tooltip will be disabled. Default: True
-            animation_duration: Specifies the duration of animation, the unit of this option is ms. DEFAULT: 1500
+            animation_duration: Specifies the duration of animation, the unit of this option is ms. Default: 1500
-            animation_easing: The type of easing function. DEFAULT: 'ease'
+            animation_easing: The type of easing function. Default: "ease"
             style: The style of the component.
             key: A unique key for the component.
             id: The id for the component.

reflex/components/recharts/polar.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
 
 from reflex.constants import EventTriggers
 from reflex.constants.colors import Color
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec
 from reflex.vars.base import LiteralVar, Var
 
 from .recharts import (
@@ -103,14 +103,14 @@ class Pie(Recharts):
             A dict mapping the event trigger to the var that is passed to the handler.
         """
         return {
-            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_START: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_START: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_END: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_END: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: no_args_event_spec,
         }
 
 
@@ -167,8 +167,8 @@ class Radar(Recharts):
             A dict mapping the event trigger to the var that is passed to the handler.
         """
         return {
-            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_START: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_START: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_END: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_END: no_args_event_spec,
         }
 
 
@@ -219,14 +219,14 @@ class RadialBar(Recharts):
             A dict mapping the event trigger to the var that is passed to the handler.
         """
         return {
-            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_START: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_START: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_END: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_ANIMATION_END: no_args_event_spec,
         }
 
 
@@ -277,28 +277,28 @@ class PolarAngleAxis(Recharts):
     _valid_children: List[str] = ["Label"]
 
     # The customized event handler of click on the ticks of this axis.
-    on_click: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_click: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousedown on the the ticks of this axis.
-    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_down: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseup on the ticks of this axis.
-    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_up: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mousemove on the ticks of this axis.
-    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_move: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseover on the ticks of this axis.
-    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_over: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseout on the ticks of this axis.
-    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_out: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of moustenter on the ticks of this axis.
-    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_enter: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # The customized event handler of mouseleave on the ticks of this axis.
-    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_mouse_leave: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
 
 class PolarGrid(Recharts):
@@ -392,12 +392,12 @@ class PolarRadiusAxis(Recharts):
             A dict mapping the event trigger to the var that is passed to the handler.
         """
         return {
-            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_CLICK: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_MOVE: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OVER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_OUT: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_ENTER: no_args_event_spec,
-            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: empty_event,
+            EventTriggers.ON_MOUSE_LEAVE: no_args_event_spec,
         }
 
 

reflex/components/sonner/toast.py

@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@ from reflex.base import Base
 from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.lucide.icon import Icon
 from reflex.components.props import NoExtrasAllowedProps, PropsBase
-from reflex.event import (
+from reflex.event import EventSpec, run_script
-    EventSpec,
-    call_script,
-)
 from reflex.style import Style, resolved_color_mode
 from reflex.utils import format
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportVar
@@ -260,7 +257,7 @@ class Toaster(Component):
             toast = f"{toast_command}(`{message}`)"
 
         toast_action = Var(_js_expr=toast)
-        return call_script(toast_action)
+        return run_script(toast_action)
 
     @staticmethod
     def toast_info(message: str = "", **kwargs):
@@ -336,7 +333,7 @@ class Toaster(Component):
         dismiss_action = Var(
             _js_expr=dismiss, _var_data=VarData.merge(dismiss_var_data)
         )
-        return call_script(dismiss_action)
+        return run_script(dismiss_action)
 
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, *children, **props) -> Component:

reflex/components/suneditor/editor.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 from reflex.base import Base
 from reflex.components.component import Component, NoSSRComponent
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, identity_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, no_args_event_spec, passthrough_event_spec
 from reflex.utils.format import to_camel_case
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportDict, ImportVar
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
@@ -207,31 +207,31 @@ class Editor(NoSSRComponent):
     disable_toolbar: Var[bool]
 
     # Fired when the editor content changes.
-    on_change: EventHandler[identity_event(str)]
+    on_change: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(str)]
 
     # Fired when the something is inputted in the editor.
-    on_input: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_input: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the editor loses focus.
     on_blur: EventHandler[on_blur_spec]
 
     # Fired when the editor is loaded.
-    on_load: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    on_load: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     # Fired when the editor content is copied.
-    on_copy: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_copy: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the editor content is cut.
-    on_cut: EventHandler[empty_event]
+    on_cut: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     # Fired when the editor content is pasted.
     on_paste: EventHandler[on_paste_spec]
 
     # Fired when the code view is toggled.
-    toggle_code_view: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    toggle_code_view: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     # Fired when the full screen mode is toggled.
-    toggle_full_screen: EventHandler[identity_event(bool)]
+    toggle_full_screen: EventHandler[passthrough_event_spec(bool)]
 
     def add_imports(self) -> ImportDict:
         """Add imports for the Editor component.

reflex/config.py

@@ -10,7 +10,17 @@ import os
 import sys
 import urllib.parse
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Generic,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    TypeVar,
+    get_args,
+)
 
 from typing_extensions import Annotated, get_type_hints
 
@@ -300,6 +310,141 @@ def interpret_env_var_value(
         )
 
 
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class EnvVar(Generic[T]):
+    """Environment variable."""
+
+    name: str
+    default: Any
+    type_: T
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, default: Any, type_: T) -> None:
+        """Initialize the environment variable.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The environment variable name.
+            default: The default value.
+            type_: The type of the value.
+        """
+        self.name = name
+        self.default = default
+        self.type_ = type_
+
+    def interpret(self, value: str) -> T:
+        """Interpret the environment variable value.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The environment variable value.
+
+        Returns:
+            The interpreted value.
+        """
+        return interpret_env_var_value(value, self.type_, self.name)
+
+    def getenv(self) -> Optional[T]:
+        """Get the interpreted environment variable value.
+
+        Returns:
+            The environment variable value.
+        """
+        env_value = os.getenv(self.name, None)
+        if env_value is not None:
+            return self.interpret(env_value)
+        return None
+
+    def is_set(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the environment variable is set.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the environment variable is set.
+        """
+        return self.name in os.environ
+
+    def get(self) -> T:
+        """Get the interpreted environment variable value or the default value if not set.
+
+        Returns:
+            The interpreted value.
+        """
+        env_value = self.getenv()
+        if env_value is not None:
+            return env_value
+        return self.default
+
+    def set(self, value: T | None) -> None:
+        """Set the environment variable. None unsets the variable.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The value to set.
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            _ = os.environ.pop(self.name, None)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(value, enum.Enum):
+                value = value.value
+            os.environ[self.name] = str(value)
+
+
+class env_var:  # type: ignore
+    """Descriptor for environment variables."""
+
+    name: str
+    default: Any
+    internal: bool = False
+
+    def __init__(self, default: Any, internal: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Initialize the descriptor.
+
+        Args:
+            default: The default value.
+            internal: Whether the environment variable is reflex internal.
+        """
+        self.default = default
+        self.internal = internal
+
+    def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
+        """Set the name of the descriptor.
+
+        Args:
+            owner: The owner class.
+            name: The name of the descriptor.
+        """
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        """Get the EnvVar instance.
+
+        Args:
+            instance: The instance.
+            owner: The owner class.
+
+        Returns:
+            The EnvVar instance.
+        """
+        type_ = get_args(get_type_hints(owner)[self.name])[0]
+        env_name = self.name
+        if self.internal:
+            env_name = f"__{env_name}"
+        return EnvVar(name=env_name, default=self.default, type_=type_)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def env_var(default, internal=False) -> EnvVar:
+        """Typing helper for the env_var descriptor.
+
+        Args:
+            default: The default value.
+            internal: Whether the environment variable is reflex internal.
+
+        Returns:
+            The EnvVar instance.
+        """
+        return default
+
+
 class PathExistsFlag:
     """Flag to indicate that a path must exist."""
 
@@ -307,83 +452,98 @@ class PathExistsFlag:
 ExistingPath = Annotated[Path, PathExistsFlag]
 
 
-@dataclasses.dataclass(init=False)
 class EnvironmentVariables:
     """Environment variables class to instantiate environment variables."""
 
     # Whether to use npm over bun to install frontend packages.
-    REFLEX_USE_NPM: bool = False
+    REFLEX_USE_NPM: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
 
     # The npm registry to use.
-    NPM_CONFIG_REGISTRY: Optional[str] = None
+    NPM_CONFIG_REGISTRY: EnvVar[Optional[str]] = env_var(None)
 
     # Whether to use Granian for the backend. Otherwise, use Uvicorn.
-    REFLEX_USE_GRANIAN: bool = False
+    REFLEX_USE_GRANIAN: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
 
     # The username to use for authentication on python package repository. Username and password must both be provided.
-    TWINE_USERNAME: Optional[str] = None
+    TWINE_USERNAME: EnvVar[Optional[str]] = env_var(None)
 
     # The password to use for authentication on python package repository. Username and password must both be provided.
-    TWINE_PASSWORD: Optional[str] = None
+    TWINE_PASSWORD: EnvVar[Optional[str]] = env_var(None)
 
     # Whether to use the system installed bun. If set to false, bun will be bundled with the app.
-    REFLEX_USE_SYSTEM_BUN: bool = False
+    REFLEX_USE_SYSTEM_BUN: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
 
     # Whether to use the system installed node and npm. If set to false, node and npm will be bundled with the app.
-    REFLEX_USE_SYSTEM_NODE: bool = False
+    REFLEX_USE_SYSTEM_NODE: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
 
     # The working directory for the next.js commands.
-    REFLEX_WEB_WORKDIR: Path = Path(constants.Dirs.WEB)
+    REFLEX_WEB_WORKDIR: EnvVar[Path] = env_var(Path(constants.Dirs.WEB))
 
     # Path to the alembic config file
-    ALEMBIC_CONFIG: ExistingPath = Path(constants.ALEMBIC_CONFIG)
+    ALEMBIC_CONFIG: EnvVar[ExistingPath] = env_var(Path(constants.ALEMBIC_CONFIG))
 
     # Disable SSL verification for HTTPX requests.
-    SSL_NO_VERIFY: bool = False
+    SSL_NO_VERIFY: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
 
     # The directory to store uploaded files.
-    REFLEX_UPLOADED_FILES_DIR: Path = Path(constants.Dirs.UPLOADED_FILES)
+    REFLEX_UPLOADED_FILES_DIR: EnvVar[Path] = env_var(
-
+        Path(constants.Dirs.UPLOADED_FILES)
-    # Whether to use seperate processes to compile the frontend and how many. If not set, defaults to thread executor.
-    REFLEX_COMPILE_PROCESSES: Optional[int] = None
-
-    # Whether to use seperate threads to compile the frontend and how many. Defaults to `min(32, os.cpu_count() + 4)`.
-    REFLEX_COMPILE_THREADS: Optional[int] = None
-
-    # The directory to store reflex dependencies.
-    REFLEX_DIR: Path = Path(constants.Reflex.DIR)
-
-    # Whether to print the SQL queries if the log level is INFO or lower.
-    SQLALCHEMY_ECHO: bool = False
-
-    # Whether to ignore the redis config error. Some redis servers only allow out-of-band configuration.
-    REFLEX_IGNORE_REDIS_CONFIG_ERROR: bool = False
-
-    # Whether to skip purging the web directory in dev mode.
-    REFLEX_PERSIST_WEB_DIR: bool = False
-
-    # The reflex.build frontend host.
-    REFLEX_BUILD_FRONTEND: str = constants.Templates.REFLEX_BUILD_FRONTEND
-
-    # The reflex.build backend host.
-    REFLEX_BUILD_BACKEND: str = constants.Templates.REFLEX_BUILD_BACKEND
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        """Initialize the environment variables."""
-        type_hints = get_type_hints(type(self))
-
-        for field in dataclasses.fields(self):
-            raw_value = os.getenv(field.name, None)
-
-            field.type = type_hints.get(field.name) or field.type
-
-            value = (
-                interpret_env_var_value(raw_value, field.type, field.name)
-                if raw_value is not None
-                else get_default_value_for_field(field)
     )
 
-            setattr(self, field.name, value)
+    # Whether to use separate processes to compile the frontend and how many. If not set, defaults to thread executor.
+    REFLEX_COMPILE_PROCESSES: EnvVar[Optional[int]] = env_var(None)
+
+    # Whether to use separate threads to compile the frontend and how many. Defaults to `min(32, os.cpu_count() + 4)`.
+    REFLEX_COMPILE_THREADS: EnvVar[Optional[int]] = env_var(None)
+
+    # The directory to store reflex dependencies.
+    REFLEX_DIR: EnvVar[Path] = env_var(Path(constants.Reflex.DIR))
+
+    # Whether to print the SQL queries if the log level is INFO or lower.
+    SQLALCHEMY_ECHO: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
+
+    # Whether to ignore the redis config error. Some redis servers only allow out-of-band configuration.
+    REFLEX_IGNORE_REDIS_CONFIG_ERROR: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
+
+    # Whether to skip purging the web directory in dev mode.
+    REFLEX_PERSIST_WEB_DIR: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
+
+    # The reflex.build frontend host.
+    REFLEX_BUILD_FRONTEND: EnvVar[str] = env_var(
+        constants.Templates.REFLEX_BUILD_FRONTEND
+    )
+
+    # The reflex.build backend host.
+    REFLEX_BUILD_BACKEND: EnvVar[str] = env_var(
+        constants.Templates.REFLEX_BUILD_BACKEND
+    )
+
+    # This env var stores the execution mode of the app
+    REFLEX_ENV_MODE: EnvVar[constants.Env] = env_var(constants.Env.DEV)
+
+    # Whether to run the backend only. Exclusive with REFLEX_FRONTEND_ONLY.
+    REFLEX_BACKEND_ONLY: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
+
+    # Whether to run the frontend only. Exclusive with REFLEX_BACKEND_ONLY.
+    REFLEX_FRONTEND_ONLY: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
+
+    # Reflex internal env to reload the config.
+    RELOAD_CONFIG: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False, internal=True)
+
+    # If this env var is set to "yes", App.compile will be a no-op
+    REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False, internal=True)
+
+    # Whether to run app harness tests in headless mode.
+    APP_HARNESS_HEADLESS: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
+
+    # Which app harness driver to use.
+    APP_HARNESS_DRIVER: EnvVar[str] = env_var("Chrome")
+
+    # Arguments to pass to the app harness driver.
+    APP_HARNESS_DRIVER_ARGS: EnvVar[str] = env_var("")
+
+    # Where to save screenshots when tests fail.
+    SCREENSHOT_DIR: EnvVar[Optional[Path]] = env_var(None)
 
 
 environment = EnvironmentVariables()

reflex/constants/__init__.py

@@ -2,18 +2,13 @@
 
 from .base import (
     COOKIES,
-    ENV_BACKEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR,
-    ENV_FRONTEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR,
-    ENV_MODE_ENV_VAR,
     IS_WINDOWS,
     LOCAL_STORAGE,
     POLLING_MAX_HTTP_BUFFER_SIZE,
     PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST,
     REFLEX_VAR_CLOSING_TAG,
     REFLEX_VAR_OPENING_TAG,
-    RELOAD_CONFIG,
     SESSION_STORAGE,
-    SKIP_COMPILE_ENV_VAR,
     ColorMode,
     Dirs,
     Env,
@@ -106,7 +101,6 @@ __ALL__ = [
     POLLING_MAX_HTTP_BUFFER_SIZE,
     PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST,
     Reflex,
-    RELOAD_CONFIG,
     RequirementsTxt,
     RouteArgType,
     RouteRegex,
@@ -116,7 +110,6 @@ __ALL__ = [
     ROUTER_DATA_INCLUDE,
     ROUTE_NOT_FOUND,
     SETTER_PREFIX,
-    SKIP_COMPILE_ENV_VAR,
     SocketEvent,
     StateManagerMode,
     Tailwind,

reflex/constants/base.py

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class Templates(SimpleNamespace):
         from reflex.config import environment
 
         return (
-            environment.REFLEX_BUILD_FRONTEND
+            environment.REFLEX_BUILD_FRONTEND.get()
             + "/gen?reflex_init_token={reflex_init_token}"
         )
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class Templates(SimpleNamespace):
         """
         from reflex.config import environment
 
-        return environment.REFLEX_BUILD_BACKEND + "/api/init/{reflex_init_token}"
+        return environment.REFLEX_BUILD_BACKEND.get() + "/api/init/{reflex_init_token}"
 
     @classproperty
     @classmethod
@@ -139,7 +139,8 @@ class Templates(SimpleNamespace):
         from reflex.config import environment
 
         return (
-            environment.REFLEX_BUILD_BACKEND + "/api/gen/{generation_hash}/refactored"
+            environment.REFLEX_BUILD_BACKEND.get()
+            + "/api/gen/{generation_hash}/refactored"
         )
 
     class Dirs(SimpleNamespace):
@@ -239,19 +240,9 @@ COOKIES = "cookies"
 LOCAL_STORAGE = "local_storage"
 SESSION_STORAGE = "session_storage"
 
-# If this env var is set to "yes", App.compile will be a no-op
-SKIP_COMPILE_ENV_VAR = "__REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE"
-
-# This env var stores the execution mode of the app
-ENV_MODE_ENV_VAR = "REFLEX_ENV_MODE"
-
-ENV_BACKEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR = "REFLEX_BACKEND_ONLY"
-ENV_FRONTEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR = "REFLEX_FRONTEND_ONLY"
-
 # Testing variables.
 # Testing os env set by pytest when running a test case.
 PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST = "PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST"
-RELOAD_CONFIG = "__REFLEX_RELOAD_CONFIG"
 
 REFLEX_VAR_OPENING_TAG = "<reflex.Var>"
 REFLEX_VAR_CLOSING_TAG = "</reflex.Var>"

reflex/constants/installer.py

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class Bun(SimpleNamespace):
         """
         from reflex.config import environment
 
-        return environment.REFLEX_DIR / "bun"
+        return environment.REFLEX_DIR.get() / "bun"
 
     @classproperty
     @classmethod
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class Fnm(SimpleNamespace):
         """
         from reflex.config import environment
 
-        return environment.REFLEX_DIR / "fnm"
+        return environment.REFLEX_DIR.get() / "fnm"
 
     @classproperty
     @classmethod
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class PackageJson(SimpleNamespace):
         "@emotion/react": "11.13.3",
         "axios": "1.7.7",
         "json5": "2.2.3",
-        "next": "15.0.1",
+        "next": "14.2.16",
         "next-sitemap": "4.2.3",
         "next-themes": "0.3.0",
         "react": "18.3.1",

reflex/custom_components/custom_components.py

@@ -609,14 +609,14 @@ def publish(
         help="The API token to use for authentication on python package repository. If token is provided, no username/password should be provided at the same time",
     ),
     username: Optional[str] = typer.Option(
-        environment.TWINE_USERNAME,
+        environment.TWINE_USERNAME.get(),
         "-u",
         "--username",
         show_default="TWINE_USERNAME environment variable value if set",
         help="The username to use for authentication on python package repository. Username and password must both be provided.",
     ),
     password: Optional[str] = typer.Option(
-        environment.TWINE_PASSWORD,
+        environment.TWINE_PASSWORD.get(),
         "-p",
         "--password",
         show_default="TWINE_PASSWORD environment variable value if set",

reflex/event.py

@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ def key_event(e: Var[JavasciptKeyboardEvent]) -> Tuple[Var[str]]:
     return (e.key,)
 
 
-def empty_event() -> Tuple[()]:
+def no_args_event_spec() -> Tuple[()]:
     """Empty event handler.
 
     Returns:
@@ -476,43 +476,14 @@ def empty_event() -> Tuple[()]:
 
 
 # These chains can be used for their side effects when no other events are desired.
-stop_propagation = EventChain(events=[], args_spec=empty_event).stop_propagation
+stop_propagation = EventChain(events=[], args_spec=no_args_event_spec).stop_propagation
-prevent_default = EventChain(events=[], args_spec=empty_event).prevent_default
+prevent_default = EventChain(events=[], args_spec=no_args_event_spec).prevent_default
 
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 U = TypeVar("U")
 
 
-# def identity_event(event_type: Type[T]) -> Callable[[Var[T]], Tuple[Var[T]]]:
-#     """A helper function that returns the input event as output.
-
-#     Args:
-#         event_type: The type of the event.
-
-#     Returns:
-#         A function that returns the input event as output.
-#     """
-
-#     def inner(ev: Var[T]) -> Tuple[Var[T]]:
-#         return (ev,)
-
-#     inner.__signature__ = inspect.signature(inner).replace(  # type: ignore
-#         parameters=[
-#             inspect.Parameter(
-#                 "ev",
-#                 kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
-#                 annotation=Var[event_type],
-#             )
-#         ],
-#         return_annotation=Tuple[Var[event_type]],
-#     )
-#     inner.__annotations__["ev"] = Var[event_type]
-#     inner.__annotations__["return"] = Tuple[Var[event_type]]
-
-#     return inner
-
-
 class IdentityEventReturn(Generic[T], Protocol):
     """Protocol for an identity event return."""
 
@@ -529,20 +500,22 @@ class IdentityEventReturn(Generic[T], Protocol):
 
 
 @overload
-def identity_event(event_type: Type[T], /) -> Callable[[Var[T]], Tuple[Var[T]]]: ...  # type: ignore
+def passthrough_event_spec(
+    event_type: Type[T], /
+) -> Callable[[Var[T]], Tuple[Var[T]]]: ...  # type: ignore
 
 
 @overload
-def identity_event(
+def passthrough_event_spec(
     event_type_1: Type[T], event_type2: Type[U], /
 ) -> Callable[[Var[T], Var[U]], Tuple[Var[T], Var[U]]]: ...
 
 
 @overload
-def identity_event(*event_types: Type[T]) -> IdentityEventReturn[T]: ...
+def passthrough_event_spec(*event_types: Type[T]) -> IdentityEventReturn[T]: ...
 
 
-def identity_event(*event_types: Type[T]) -> IdentityEventReturn[T]:  # type: ignore
+def passthrough_event_spec(*event_types: Type[T]) -> IdentityEventReturn[T]:  # type: ignore
     """A helper function that returns the input event as output.
 
     Args:
@@ -733,7 +706,16 @@ def console_log(message: str | Var[str]) -> EventSpec:
     Returns:
         An event to log the message.
     """
-    return server_side("_console", get_fn_signature(console_log), message=message)
+    return run_script(Var("console").to(dict).log.to(FunctionVar).call(message))
+
+
+def noop() -> EventSpec:
+    """Do nothing.
+
+    Returns:
+        An event to do nothing.
+    """
+    return run_script(Var.create(None))
 
 
 def back() -> EventSpec:
@@ -742,7 +724,9 @@ def back() -> EventSpec:
     Returns:
         An event to go back one page.
     """
-    return call_script("window.history.back()")
+    return run_script(
+        Var("window").to(dict).history.to(dict).back.to(FunctionVar).call()
+    )
 
 
 def window_alert(message: str | Var[str]) -> EventSpec:
@@ -754,7 +738,7 @@ def window_alert(message: str | Var[str]) -> EventSpec:
     Returns:
         An event to alert the message.
     """
-    return server_side("_alert", get_fn_signature(window_alert), message=message)
+    return run_script(Var("window").to(dict).alert.to(FunctionVar).call(message))
 
 
 def set_focus(ref: str) -> EventSpec:
@@ -785,12 +769,12 @@ def scroll_to(elem_id: str, align_to_top: bool | Var[bool] = True) -> EventSpec:
     """
     get_element_by_id = FunctionStringVar.create("document.getElementById")
 
-    return call_script(
+    return run_script(
         get_element_by_id(elem_id)
         .call(elem_id)
         .to(ObjectVar)
         .scrollIntoView.to(FunctionVar)
-        .call(align_to_top)
+        .call(align_to_top),
     )
 
 
@@ -897,10 +881,12 @@ def set_clipboard(content: str) -> EventSpec:
     Returns:
         EventSpec: An event to set some content in the clipboard.
     """
-    return server_side(
+    return run_script(
-        "_set_clipboard",
+        Var("navigator")
-        get_fn_signature(set_clipboard),
+        .to(dict)
-        content=content,
+        .clipboard.to(dict)
+        .writeText.to(FunctionVar)
+        .call(content)
     )
 
 
@@ -987,13 +973,7 @@ def _callback_arg_spec(eval_result):
 
 def call_script(
     javascript_code: str | Var[str],
-    callback: (
+    callback: EventType | None = None,
-        EventSpec
-        | EventHandler
-        | Callable
-        | List[EventSpec | EventHandler | Callable]
-        | None
-    ) = None,
 ) -> EventSpec:
     """Create an event handler that executes arbitrary javascript code.
 
@@ -1007,12 +987,10 @@ def call_script(
     callback_kwargs = {}
     if callback is not None:
         callback_kwargs = {
-            "callback": str(
+            "callback": format.format_queue_events(
-                format.format_queue_events(
                 callback,
                 args_spec=lambda result: [result],
-                ),
+            )._js_expr,
-            ),
         }
     if isinstance(javascript_code, str):
         # When there is VarData, include it and eval the JS code inline on the client.
@@ -1032,6 +1010,62 @@ def call_script(
     )
 
 
+def call_function(
+    javascript_code: str | Var,
+    callback: EventType | None = None,
+) -> EventSpec:
+    """Create an event handler that executes arbitrary javascript code.
+
+    Args:
+        javascript_code: The code to execute.
+        callback: EventHandler that will receive the result of evaluating the javascript code.
+
+    Returns:
+        EventSpec: An event that will execute the client side javascript.
+    """
+    callback_kwargs = {}
+    if callback is not None:
+        callback_kwargs = {
+            "callback": format.format_queue_events(
+                callback,
+                args_spec=lambda result: [result],
+            ),
+        }
+
+    javascript_code = (
+        Var(javascript_code) if isinstance(javascript_code, str) else javascript_code
+    )
+
+    return server_side(
+        "_call_function",
+        get_fn_signature(call_function),
+        function=javascript_code,
+        **callback_kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def run_script(
+    javascript_code: str | Var,
+    callback: EventType | None = None,
+) -> EventSpec:
+    """Create an event handler that executes arbitrary javascript code.
+
+    Args:
+        javascript_code: The code to execute.
+        callback: EventHandler that will receive the result of evaluating the javascript code.
+
+    Returns:
+        EventSpec: An event that will execute the client side javascript.
+    """
+    javascript_code = (
+        Var(javascript_code) if isinstance(javascript_code, str) else javascript_code
+    )
+
+    return call_function(
+        ArgsFunctionOperation.create(tuple(), javascript_code), callback
+    )
+
+
 def get_event(state, event):
     """Get the event from the given state.
 
@@ -1822,13 +1856,14 @@ class EventNamespace(types.SimpleNamespace):
     check_fn_match_arg_spec = staticmethod(check_fn_match_arg_spec)
     resolve_annotation = staticmethod(resolve_annotation)
     parse_args_spec = staticmethod(parse_args_spec)
-    identity_event = staticmethod(identity_event)
+    passthrough_event_spec = staticmethod(passthrough_event_spec)
     input_event = staticmethod(input_event)
     key_event = staticmethod(key_event)
-    empty_event = staticmethod(empty_event)
+    no_args_event_spec = staticmethod(no_args_event_spec)
     server_side = staticmethod(server_side)
     redirect = staticmethod(redirect)
     console_log = staticmethod(console_log)
+    noop = staticmethod(noop)
     back = staticmethod(back)
     window_alert = staticmethod(window_alert)
     set_focus = staticmethod(set_focus)
@@ -1842,6 +1877,8 @@ class EventNamespace(types.SimpleNamespace):
     set_clipboard = staticmethod(set_clipboard)
     download = staticmethod(download)
     call_script = staticmethod(call_script)
+    call_function = staticmethod(call_function)
+    run_script = staticmethod(run_script)
 
 
 event = EventNamespace()

reflex/experimental/client_state.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import sys
 from typing import Any, Callable, Union
 
 from reflex import constants
-from reflex.event import EventChain, EventHandler, EventSpec, call_script
+from reflex.event import EventChain, EventHandler, EventSpec, run_script
 from reflex.utils.imports import ImportVar
 from reflex.vars import (
     VarData,
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class ClientStateVar(Var):
         """
         if not self._global_ref:
             raise ValueError("ClientStateVar must be global to retrieve the value.")
-        return call_script(_client_state_ref(self._getter_name), callback=callback)
+        return run_script(_client_state_ref(self._getter_name), callback=callback)
 
     def push(self, value: Any) -> EventSpec:
         """Push a value to the client state variable from the backend.
@@ -245,4 +245,4 @@ class ClientStateVar(Var):
         """
         if not self._global_ref:
             raise ValueError("ClientStateVar must be global to push the value.")
-        return call_script(f"{_client_state_ref(self._setter_name)}({value})")
+        return run_script(f"{_client_state_ref(self._setter_name)}({value})")

reflex/experimental/layout.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from reflex.components.radix.themes.components.icon_button import IconButton
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.layout.box import Box
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.layout.container import Container
 from reflex.components.radix.themes.layout.stack import HStack
-from reflex.event import call_script
+from reflex.event import run_script
 from reflex.experimental import hooks
 from reflex.state import ComponentState
 from reflex.style import Style
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class SidebarTrigger(Fragment):
         else:
             open, toggle = (
                 Var(_js_expr="open"),
-                call_script(Var(_js_expr="setOpen(!open)")),
+                run_script("setOpen(!open)"),
             )
 
         trigger_props["left"] = cond(open, f"calc({sidebar_width} - 32px)", "0")

reflex/istate/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""This module will provide interfaces for the state."""

reflex/istate/proxy.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""A module to hold state proxy classes."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from reflex.state import StateProxy
+
+
+class ReadOnlyStateProxy(StateProxy):
+    """A read-only proxy for a state."""
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        """Prevent setting attributes on the state for read-only proxy.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The attribute name.
+            value: The attribute value.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotImplementedError: Always raised when trying to set an attribute on proxied state.
+        """
+        if name.startswith("_self_"):
+            # Special case attributes of the proxy itself, not applied to the wrapped object.
+            super().__setattr__(name, value)
+            return
+        raise NotImplementedError("This is a read-only state proxy.")
+
+    def mark_dirty(self):
+        """Mark the state as dirty.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotImplementedError: Always raised when trying to mark the proxied state as dirty.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("This is a read-only state proxy.")

reflex/istate/wrappers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""Wrappers for the state manager."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from reflex.istate.proxy import ReadOnlyStateProxy
+from reflex.state import (
+    _split_substate_key,
+    _substate_key,
+    get_state_manager,
+)
+
+
+async def get_state(token, state_cls: Any | None = None) -> ReadOnlyStateProxy:
+    """Get the instance of a state for a token.
+
+    Args:
+        token: The token for the state.
+        state_cls: The class of the state.
+
+    Returns:
+        A read-only proxy of the state instance.
+    """
+    mng = get_state_manager()
+    if state_cls is not None:
+        root_state = await mng.get_state(_substate_key(token, state_cls))
+    else:
+        root_state = await mng.get_state(token)
+        _, state_path = _split_substate_key(token)
+        state_cls = root_state.get_class_substate(tuple(state_path.split(".")))
+    instance = await root_state.get_state(state_cls)
+    return ReadOnlyStateProxy(instance)

reflex/model.py

@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ def get_engine(url: str | None = None) -> sqlalchemy.engine.Engine:
     url = url or conf.db_url
     if url is None:
         raise ValueError("No database url configured")
-    if not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.exists():
+    if not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.get().exists():
         console.warn(
             "Database is not initialized, run [bold]reflex db init[/bold] first."
         )
     # Print the SQL queries if the log level is INFO or lower.
-    echo_db_query = environment.SQLALCHEMY_ECHO
+    echo_db_query = environment.SQLALCHEMY_ECHO.get()
     # Needed for the admin dash on sqlite.
     connect_args = {"check_same_thread": False} if url.startswith("sqlite") else {}
     return sqlmodel.create_engine(url, echo=echo_db_query, connect_args=connect_args)
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class Model(Base, sqlmodel.SQLModel):  # pyright: ignore [reportGeneralTypeIssue
         Returns:
             tuple of (config, script_directory)
         """
-        config = alembic.config.Config(environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG)
+        config = alembic.config.Config(environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.get())
         return config, alembic.script.ScriptDirectory(
             config.get_main_option("script_location", default="version"),
         )
@@ -266,8 +266,8 @@ class Model(Base, sqlmodel.SQLModel):  # pyright: ignore [reportGeneralTypeIssue
     def alembic_init(cls):
         """Initialize alembic for the project."""
         alembic.command.init(
-            config=alembic.config.Config(environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG),
+            config=alembic.config.Config(environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.get()),
-            directory=str(environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.parent / "alembic"),
+            directory=str(environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.get().parent / "alembic"),
         )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ class Model(Base, sqlmodel.SQLModel):  # pyright: ignore [reportGeneralTypeIssue
         Returns:
             True when changes have been detected.
         """
-        if not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.exists():
+        if not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.get().exists():
             return False
 
         config, script_directory = cls._alembic_config()
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ class Model(Base, sqlmodel.SQLModel):  # pyright: ignore [reportGeneralTypeIssue
             True - indicating the process was successful.
             None - indicating the process was skipped.
         """
-        if not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.exists():
+        if not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.get().exists():
             return
 
         with cls.get_db_engine().connect() as connection:

reflex/reflex.py

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def _run(
     console.set_log_level(loglevel)
 
     # Set env mode in the environment
-    os.environ[constants.ENV_MODE_ENV_VAR] = env.value
+    environment.REFLEX_ENV_MODE.set(env)
 
     # Show system info
     exec.output_system_info()
@@ -277,13 +277,13 @@ def run(
         False,
         "--frontend-only",
         help="Execute only frontend.",
-        envvar=constants.ENV_FRONTEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR,
+        envvar=environment.REFLEX_FRONTEND_ONLY.name,
     ),
     backend: bool = typer.Option(
         False,
         "--backend-only",
         help="Execute only backend.",
-        envvar=constants.ENV_BACKEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR,
+        envvar=environment.REFLEX_BACKEND_ONLY.name,
     ),
     frontend_port: str = typer.Option(
         config.frontend_port, help="Specify a different frontend port."
@@ -302,8 +302,8 @@ def run(
     if frontend and backend:
         console.error("Cannot use both --frontend-only and --backend-only options.")
         raise typer.Exit(1)
-    os.environ[constants.ENV_BACKEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR] = str(backend).lower()
+    environment.REFLEX_BACKEND_ONLY.set(backend)
-    os.environ[constants.ENV_FRONTEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR] = str(frontend).lower()
+    environment.REFLEX_FRONTEND_ONLY.set(frontend)
 
     _run(env, frontend, backend, frontend_port, backend_port, backend_host, loglevel)
 
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ script_cli = typer.Typer()
 
 def _skip_compile():
     """Skip the compile step."""
-    os.environ[constants.SKIP_COMPILE_ENV_VAR] = "yes"
+    environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.set(True)
 
 
 @db_cli.command(name="init")
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ def db_init():
         return
 
     # Check the alembic config.
-    if environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.exists():
+    if environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.get().exists():
         console.error(
             "Database is already initialized. Use "
             "[bold]reflex db makemigrations[/bold] to create schema change "

reflex/state.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import copy
 import dataclasses
 import functools
 import inspect
+import json
 import pickle
 import sys
 import uuid
@@ -104,6 +105,8 @@ var = computed_var
 
 # If the state is this large, it's considered a performance issue.
 TOO_LARGE_SERIALIZED_STATE = 100 * 1024  # 100kb
+# Only warn about each state class size once.
+_WARNED_ABOUT_STATE_SIZE: Set[str] = set()
 
 # Errors caught during pickling of state
 HANDLED_PICKLE_ERRORS = (
@@ -353,7 +356,6 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        *args,
         parent_state: BaseState | None = None,
         init_substates: bool = True,
         _reflex_internal_init: bool = False,
@@ -364,11 +366,10 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
         DO NOT INSTANTIATE STATE CLASSES DIRECTLY! Use StateManager.get_state() instead.
 
         Args:
-            *args: The args to pass to the Pydantic init method.
             parent_state: The parent state.
             init_substates: Whether to initialize the substates in this instance.
             _reflex_internal_init: A flag to indicate that the state is being initialized by the framework.
-            **kwargs: The kwargs to pass to the Pydantic init method.
+            **kwargs: The kwargs to set as attributes on the state.
 
         Raises:
             ReflexRuntimeError: If the state is instantiated directly by end user.
@@ -381,7 +382,9 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
                 "See https://reflex.dev/docs/state/ for further information."
             )
         kwargs["parent_state"] = parent_state
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__()
+        for name, value in kwargs.items():
+            setattr(self, name, value)
 
         # Setup the substates (for memory state manager only).
         if init_substates:
@@ -1285,9 +1288,12 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
 
         fields = self.get_fields()
 
-        if name in fields and not _isinstance(
+        if name in fields:
-            value, (field_type := fields[name].outer_type_)
+            field = fields[name]
-        ):
+            field_type = field.outer_type_
+            if field.allow_none:
+                field_type = Union[field_type, None]
+            if not _isinstance(value, field_type):
                 console.deprecate(
                     "mismatched-type-assignment",
                     f"Tried to assign value {value} of type {type(value)} to field {type(self).__name__}.{name} of type {field_type}."
@@ -2046,6 +2052,27 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
             state["__dict__"].pop(inherited_var_name, None)
         return state
 
+    def _warn_if_too_large(
+        self,
+        pickle_state_size: int,
+    ):
+        """Print a warning when the state is too large.
+
+        Args:
+            pickle_state_size: The size of the pickled state.
+        """
+        state_full_name = self.get_full_name()
+        if (
+            state_full_name not in _WARNED_ABOUT_STATE_SIZE
+            and pickle_state_size > TOO_LARGE_SERIALIZED_STATE
+            and self.substates
+        ):
+            console.warn(
+                f"State {state_full_name} serializes to {pickle_state_size} bytes "
+                "which may present performance issues. Consider reducing the size of this state."
+            )
+            _WARNED_ABOUT_STATE_SIZE.add(state_full_name)
+
     @classmethod
     @functools.lru_cache()
     def _to_schema(cls) -> str:
@@ -2084,7 +2111,9 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
             The serialized state.
         """
         try:
-            return pickle.dumps((self._to_schema(), self))
+            pickle_state = pickle.dumps((self._to_schema(), self))
+            self._warn_if_too_large(len(pickle_state))
+            return pickle_state
         except HANDLED_PICKLE_ERRORS as og_pickle_error:
             error = (
                 f"Failed to serialize state {self.get_full_name()} due to unpicklable object. "
@@ -3075,9 +3104,6 @@ class StateManagerRedis(StateManager):
         b"evicted",
     }
 
-    # Only warn about each state class size once.
-    _warned_about_state_size: ClassVar[Set[str]] = set()
-
     async def _get_parent_state(
         self, token: str, state: BaseState | None = None
     ) -> BaseState | None:
@@ -3221,29 +3247,6 @@ class StateManagerRedis(StateManager):
             return state._get_root_state()
         return state
 
-    def _warn_if_too_large(
-        self,
-        state: BaseState,
-        pickle_state_size: int,
-    ):
-        """Print a warning when the state is too large.
-
-        Args:
-            state: The state to check.
-            pickle_state_size: The size of the pickled state.
-        """
-        state_full_name = state.get_full_name()
-        if (
-            state_full_name not in self._warned_about_state_size
-            and pickle_state_size > TOO_LARGE_SERIALIZED_STATE
-            and state.substates
-        ):
-            console.warn(
-                f"State {state_full_name} serializes to {pickle_state_size} bytes "
-                "which may present performance issues. Consider reducing the size of this state."
-            )
-            self._warned_about_state_size.add(state_full_name)
-
     @override
     async def set_state(
         self,
@@ -3294,7 +3297,6 @@ class StateManagerRedis(StateManager):
         # Persist only the given state (parents or substates are excluded by BaseState.__getstate__).
         if state._get_was_touched():
             pickle_state = state._serialize()
-            self._warn_if_too_large(state, len(pickle_state))
             if pickle_state:
                 await self.redis.set(
                     _substate_key(client_token, state),
@@ -3375,7 +3377,7 @@ class StateManagerRedis(StateManager):
             )
         except ResponseError:
             # Some redis servers only allow out-of-band configuration, so ignore errors here.
-            if not environment.REFLEX_IGNORE_REDIS_CONFIG_ERROR:
+            if not environment.REFLEX_IGNORE_REDIS_CONFIG_ERROR.get():
                 raise
         async with self.redis.pubsub() as pubsub:
             await pubsub.psubscribe(lock_key_channel)
@@ -3715,6 +3717,29 @@ def serialize_mutable_proxy(mp: MutableProxy):
     return mp.__wrapped__
 
 
+_orig_json_JSONEncoder_default = json.JSONEncoder.default
+
+
+def _json_JSONEncoder_default_wrapper(self: json.JSONEncoder, o: Any) -> Any:
+    """Wrap JSONEncoder.default to handle MutableProxy objects.
+
+    Args:
+        self: the JSONEncoder instance.
+        o: the object to serialize.
+
+    Returns:
+        A JSON-able object.
+    """
+    try:
+        return o.__wrapped__
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    return _orig_json_JSONEncoder_default(self, o)
+
+
+json.JSONEncoder.default = _json_JSONEncoder_default_wrapper
+
+
 class ImmutableMutableProxy(MutableProxy):
     """A proxy for a mutable object that tracks changes.
 

reflex/testing.py

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import reflex.utils.exec
 import reflex.utils.format
 import reflex.utils.prerequisites
 import reflex.utils.processes
+from reflex.config import environment
 from reflex.state import (
     BaseState,
     StateManager,
@@ -250,6 +251,7 @@ class AppHarness:
 
     def _initialize_app(self):
         # disable telemetry reporting for tests
+
         os.environ["TELEMETRY_ENABLED"] = "false"
         self.app_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         if self.app_source is not None:
@@ -615,10 +617,10 @@ class AppHarness:
         if self.frontend_url is None:
             raise RuntimeError("Frontend is not running.")
         want_headless = False
-        if os.environ.get("APP_HARNESS_HEADLESS"):
+        if environment.APP_HARNESS_HEADLESS.get():
             want_headless = True
         if driver_clz is None:
-            requested_driver = os.environ.get("APP_HARNESS_DRIVER", "Chrome")
+            requested_driver = environment.APP_HARNESS_DRIVER.get()
             driver_clz = getattr(webdriver, requested_driver)
             if driver_options is None:
                 driver_options = getattr(webdriver, f"{requested_driver}Options")()
@@ -640,7 +642,7 @@ class AppHarness:
                 driver_options.add_argument("headless")
         if driver_options is None:
             raise RuntimeError(f"Could not determine options for {driver_clz}")
-        if args := os.environ.get("APP_HARNESS_DRIVER_ARGS"):
+        if args := environment.APP_HARNESS_DRIVER_ARGS.get():
             for arg in args.split(","):
                 driver_options.add_argument(arg)
         if driver_option_args is not None:
@@ -944,7 +946,7 @@ class AppHarnessProd(AppHarness):
     def _start_backend(self):
         if self.app_instance is None:
             raise RuntimeError("App was not initialized.")
-        os.environ[reflex.constants.SKIP_COMPILE_ENV_VAR] = "yes"
+        environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.set(True)
         self.backend = uvicorn.Server(
             uvicorn.Config(
                 app=self.app_instance,
@@ -961,7 +963,7 @@ class AppHarnessProd(AppHarness):
         try:
             return super()._poll_for_servers(timeout)
         finally:
-            os.environ.pop(reflex.constants.SKIP_COMPILE_ENV_VAR, None)
+            environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.set(None)
 
     def stop(self):
         """Stop the frontend python webserver."""

reflex/utils/exec.py

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ def should_use_granian():
     Returns:
         True if Granian should be used.
     """
-    return environment.REFLEX_USE_GRANIAN
+    return environment.REFLEX_USE_GRANIAN.get()
 
 
 def get_app_module():
@@ -369,7 +369,9 @@ def run_uvicorn_backend_prod(host, port, loglevel):
         command,
         run=True,
         show_logs=True,
-        env={constants.SKIP_COMPILE_ENV_VAR: "yes"},  # skip compile for prod backend
+        env={
+            environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.name: "true"
+        },  # skip compile for prod backend
     )
 
 
@@ -405,7 +407,7 @@ def run_granian_backend_prod(host, port, loglevel):
             run=True,
             show_logs=True,
             env={
-                constants.SKIP_COMPILE_ENV_VAR: "yes"
+                environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.name: "true"
             },  # skip compile for prod backend
         )
     except ImportError:
@@ -467,9 +469,11 @@ def output_system_info():
         console.debug(f"{dep}")
 
     console.debug(
-        f"Using package installer at: {prerequisites.get_install_package_manager()}"  # type: ignore
+        f"Using package installer at: {prerequisites.get_install_package_manager(on_failure_return_none=True)}"  # type: ignore
     )
-    console.debug(f"Using package executer at: {prerequisites.get_package_manager()}")  # type: ignore
+    console.debug(
+        f"Using package executer at: {prerequisites.get_package_manager(on_failure_return_none=True)}"
+    )  # type: ignore
     if system != "Windows":
         console.debug(f"Unzip path: {path_ops.which('unzip')}")
 
@@ -489,11 +493,8 @@ def is_prod_mode() -> bool:
     Returns:
         True if the app is running in production mode or False if running in dev mode.
     """
-    current_mode = os.environ.get(
+    current_mode = environment.REFLEX_ENV_MODE.get()
-        constants.ENV_MODE_ENV_VAR,
+    return current_mode == constants.Env.PROD
-        constants.Env.DEV.value,
-    )
-    return current_mode == constants.Env.PROD.value
 
 
 def is_frontend_only() -> bool:
@@ -502,7 +503,13 @@ def is_frontend_only() -> bool:
     Returns:
         True if the app is running in frontend-only mode.
     """
-    return os.environ.get(constants.ENV_FRONTEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR, "").lower() == "true"
+    console.deprecate(
+        "is_frontend_only() is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.",
+        reason="Use `environment.REFLEX_FRONTEND_ONLY.get()` instead.",
+        deprecation_version="0.6.5",
+        removal_version="0.7.0",
+    )
+    return environment.REFLEX_FRONTEND_ONLY.get()
 
 
 def is_backend_only() -> bool:
@@ -511,7 +518,13 @@ def is_backend_only() -> bool:
     Returns:
         True if the app is running in backend-only mode.
     """
-    return os.environ.get(constants.ENV_BACKEND_ONLY_ENV_VAR, "").lower() == "true"
+    console.deprecate(
+        "is_backend_only() is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.",
+        reason="Use `environment.REFLEX_BACKEND_ONLY.get()` instead.",
+        deprecation_version="0.6.5",
+        removal_version="0.7.0",
+    )
+    return environment.REFLEX_BACKEND_ONLY.get()
 
 
 def should_skip_compile() -> bool:
@@ -520,4 +533,10 @@ def should_skip_compile() -> bool:
     Returns:
         True if the app should skip compile.
     """
-    return os.environ.get(constants.SKIP_COMPILE_ENV_VAR) == "yes"
+    console.deprecate(
+        "should_skip_compile() is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.",
+        reason="Use `environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.get()` instead.",
+        deprecation_version="0.6.5",
+        removal_version="0.7.0",
+    )
+    return environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.get()

reflex/utils/format.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import inspect
 import json
 import os
 import re
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, List, Optional, Union
 
 from reflex import constants
 from reflex.utils import exceptions
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from reflex.utils.console import deprecate
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from reflex.components.component import ComponentStyle
-    from reflex.event import ArgsSpec, EventChain, EventHandler, EventSpec
+    from reflex.event import ArgsSpec, EventChain, EventHandler, EventSpec, EventType
 
 WRAP_MAP = {
     "{": "}",
@@ -533,13 +533,7 @@ def format_event_chain(
 
 
 def format_queue_events(
-    events: (
+    events: EventType | None = None,
-        EventSpec
-        | EventHandler
-        | Callable
-        | List[EventSpec | EventHandler | Callable]
-        | None
-    ) = None,
     args_spec: Optional[ArgsSpec] = None,
 ) -> Var[EventChain]:
     """Format a list of event handler / event spec as a javascript callback.

reflex/utils/net.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def _httpx_verify_kwarg() -> bool:
     Returns:
         True if SSL verification is enabled, False otherwise
     """
-    return not environment.SSL_NO_VERIFY
+    return not environment.SSL_NO_VERIFY.get()
 
 
 def get(url: str, **kwargs) -> httpx.Response:

reflex/utils/path_ops.py

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def use_system_node() -> bool:
     Returns:
         Whether the system node should be used.
     """
-    return environment.REFLEX_USE_SYSTEM_NODE
+    return environment.REFLEX_USE_SYSTEM_NODE.get()
 
 
 def use_system_bun() -> bool:
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def use_system_bun() -> bool:
     Returns:
         Whether the system bun should be used.
     """
-    return environment.REFLEX_USE_SYSTEM_BUN
+    return environment.REFLEX_USE_SYSTEM_BUN.get()
 
 
 def get_node_bin_path() -> Path | None:

reflex/utils/prerequisites.py

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def get_web_dir() -> Path:
     Returns:
         The working directory.
     """
-    return environment.REFLEX_WEB_WORKDIR
+    return environment.REFLEX_WEB_WORKDIR.get()
 
 
 def _python_version_check():
@@ -204,10 +204,13 @@ def get_bun_version() -> version.Version | None:
         return None
 
 
-def get_install_package_manager() -> str | None:
+def get_install_package_manager(on_failure_return_none: bool = False) -> str | None:
     """Get the package manager executable for installation.
       Currently, bun is used for installation only.
 
+    Args:
+        on_failure_return_none: Whether to return None on failure.
+
     Returns:
         The path to the package manager.
     """
@@ -217,21 +220,29 @@ def get_install_package_manager() -> str | None:
         or windows_check_onedrive_in_path()
         or windows_npm_escape_hatch()
     ):
-        return get_package_manager()
+        return get_package_manager(on_failure_return_none)
     return str(get_config().bun_path)
 
 
-def get_package_manager() -> str | None:
+def get_package_manager(on_failure_return_none: bool = False) -> str | None:
     """Get the package manager executable for running app.
       Currently on unix systems, npm is used for running the app only.
 
+    Args:
+        on_failure_return_none: Whether to return None on failure.
+
     Returns:
         The path to the package manager.
+
+    Raises:
+        FileNotFoundError: If the package manager is not found.
     """
     npm_path = path_ops.get_npm_path()
     if npm_path is not None:
-        npm_path = str(Path(npm_path).resolve())
+        return str(Path(npm_path).resolve())
-    return npm_path
+    if on_failure_return_none:
+        return None
+    raise FileNotFoundError("NPM not found. You may need to run `reflex init`.")
 
 
 def windows_check_onedrive_in_path() -> bool:
@@ -249,7 +260,7 @@ def windows_npm_escape_hatch() -> bool:
     Returns:
         If the user has set REFLEX_USE_NPM.
     """
-    return environment.REFLEX_USE_NPM
+    return environment.REFLEX_USE_NPM.get()
 
 
 def get_app(reload: bool = False) -> ModuleType:
@@ -267,7 +278,7 @@ def get_app(reload: bool = False) -> ModuleType:
     from reflex.utils import telemetry
 
     try:
-        os.environ[constants.RELOAD_CONFIG] = str(reload)
+        environment.RELOAD_CONFIG.set(reload)
         config = get_config()
         if not config.app_name:
             raise RuntimeError(
@@ -430,7 +441,7 @@ def create_config(app_name: str):
 
 def initialize_gitignore(
     gitignore_file: Path = constants.GitIgnore.FILE,
-    files_to_ignore: set[str] = constants.GitIgnore.DEFAULTS,
+    files_to_ignore: set[str] | list[str] = constants.GitIgnore.DEFAULTS,
 ):
     """Initialize the template .gitignore file.
 
@@ -439,23 +450,20 @@ def initialize_gitignore(
         files_to_ignore: The files to add to the .gitignore file.
     """
     # Combine with the current ignored files.
-    current_ignore: set[str] = set()
+    current_ignore: list[str] = []
     if gitignore_file.exists():
-        current_ignore |= set(
+        current_ignore = [ln.strip() for ln in gitignore_file.read_text().splitlines()]
-            line.strip() for line in gitignore_file.read_text().splitlines()
-        )
 
     if files_to_ignore == current_ignore:
         console.debug(f"{gitignore_file} already up to date.")
         return
-    files_to_ignore |= current_ignore
+    files_to_ignore = [ln for ln in files_to_ignore if ln not in current_ignore]
+    files_to_ignore += current_ignore
 
     # Write files to the .gitignore file.
     gitignore_file.touch(exist_ok=True)
     console.debug(f"Creating {gitignore_file}")
-    gitignore_file.write_text(
+    gitignore_file.write_text("\n".join(files_to_ignore) + "\n")
-        "\n".join(sorted(files_to_ignore)) + "\n",
-    )
 
 
 def initialize_requirements_txt():
@@ -920,20 +928,39 @@ def install_frontend_packages(packages: set[str], config: Config):
         packages: A list of package names to be installed.
         config: The config object.
 
+    Raises:
+        FileNotFoundError: If the package manager is not found.
+
     Example:
         >>> install_frontend_packages(["react", "react-dom"], get_config())
     """
     # unsupported archs(arm and 32bit machines) will use npm anyway. so we dont have to run npm twice
     fallback_command = (
-        get_package_manager()
+        get_package_manager(on_failure_return_none=True)
-        if not constants.IS_WINDOWS
+        if (
+            not constants.IS_WINDOWS
             or constants.IS_WINDOWS
             and is_windows_bun_supported()
             and not windows_check_onedrive_in_path()
+        )
         else None
     )
+
+    install_package_manager = (
+        get_install_package_manager(on_failure_return_none=True) or fallback_command
+    )
+
+    if install_package_manager is None:
+        raise FileNotFoundError(
+            "Could not find a package manager to install frontend packages. You may need to run `reflex init`."
+        )
+
+    fallback_command = (
+        fallback_command if fallback_command is not install_package_manager else None
+    )
+
     processes.run_process_with_fallback(
-        [get_install_package_manager(), "install"],  # type: ignore
+        [install_package_manager, "install"],  # type: ignore
         fallback=fallback_command,
         analytics_enabled=True,
         show_status_message="Installing base frontend packages",
@@ -944,7 +971,7 @@ def install_frontend_packages(packages: set[str], config: Config):
     if config.tailwind is not None:
         processes.run_process_with_fallback(
             [
-                get_install_package_manager(),
+                install_package_manager,
                 "add",
                 "-d",
                 constants.Tailwind.VERSION,
@@ -960,7 +987,7 @@ def install_frontend_packages(packages: set[str], config: Config):
     # Install custom packages defined in frontend_packages
     if len(packages) > 0:
         processes.run_process_with_fallback(
-            [get_install_package_manager(), "add", *packages],
+            [install_package_manager, "add", *packages],
             fallback=fallback_command,
             analytics_enabled=True,
             show_status_message="Installing frontend packages from config and components",
@@ -992,7 +1019,7 @@ def needs_reinit(frontend: bool = True) -> bool:
         return False
 
     # Make sure the .reflex directory exists.
-    if not environment.REFLEX_DIR.exists():
+    if not environment.REFLEX_DIR.get().exists():
         return True
 
     # Make sure the .web directory exists in frontend mode.
@@ -1097,7 +1124,7 @@ def ensure_reflex_installation_id() -> Optional[int]:
     """
     try:
         initialize_reflex_user_directory()
-        installation_id_file = environment.REFLEX_DIR / "installation_id"
+        installation_id_file = environment.REFLEX_DIR.get() / "installation_id"
 
         installation_id = None
         if installation_id_file.exists():
@@ -1122,7 +1149,7 @@ def ensure_reflex_installation_id() -> Optional[int]:
 def initialize_reflex_user_directory():
     """Initialize the reflex user directory."""
     # Create the reflex directory.
-    path_ops.mkdir(environment.REFLEX_DIR)
+    path_ops.mkdir(environment.REFLEX_DIR.get())
 
 
 def initialize_frontend_dependencies():
@@ -1145,7 +1172,10 @@ def check_db_initialized() -> bool:
     Returns:
         True if alembic is initialized (or if database is not used).
     """
-    if get_config().db_url is not None and not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.exists():
+    if (
+        get_config().db_url is not None
+        and not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.get().exists()
+    ):
         console.error(
             "Database is not initialized. Run [bold]reflex db init[/bold] first."
         )
@@ -1155,7 +1185,7 @@ def check_db_initialized() -> bool:
 
 def check_schema_up_to_date():
     """Check if the sqlmodel metadata matches the current database schema."""
-    if get_config().db_url is None or not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.exists():
+    if get_config().db_url is None or not environment.ALEMBIC_CONFIG.get().exists():
         return
     with model.Model.get_db_engine().connect() as connection:
         try:

reflex/utils/registry.py

@@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ def _get_npm_registry() -> str:
     Returns:
         str:
     """
-    return environment.NPM_CONFIG_REGISTRY or get_best_registry()
+    return environment.NPM_CONFIG_REGISTRY.get() or get_best_registry()

reflex/utils/serializers.py

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def serializer(
         )
 
     # Apply type transformation if requested
-    if to is not None:
+    if to is not None or ((to := type_hints.get("return")) is not None):
         SERIALIZER_TYPES[type_] = to
         get_serializer_type.cache_clear()
 
@@ -189,16 +189,37 @@ def get_serializer_type(type_: Type) -> Optional[Type]:
     return None
 
 
-def has_serializer(type_: Type) -> bool:
+def has_serializer(type_: Type, into_type: Type | None = None) -> bool:
     """Check if there is a serializer for the type.
 
     Args:
         type_: The type to check.
+        into_type: The type to serialize into.
 
     Returns:
         Whether there is a serializer for the type.
     """
-    return get_serializer(type_) is not None
+    serializer_for_type = get_serializer(type_)
+    return serializer_for_type is not None and (
+        into_type is None or get_serializer_type(type_) == into_type
+    )
+
+
+def can_serialize(type_: Type, into_type: Type | None = None) -> bool:
+    """Check if there is a serializer for the type.
+
+    Args:
+        type_: The type to check.
+        into_type: The type to serialize into.
+
+    Returns:
+        Whether there is a serializer for the type.
+    """
+    return has_serializer(type_, into_type) or (
+        isinstance(type_, type)
+        and dataclasses.is_dataclass(type_)
+        and (into_type is None or into_type is dict)
+    )
 
 
 @serializer(to=str)
@@ -214,7 +235,7 @@ def serialize_type(value: type) -> str:
     return value.__name__
 
 
-@serializer
+@serializer(to=dict)
 def serialize_base(value: Base) -> dict:
     """Serialize a Base instance.
 

reflex/utils/telemetry.py

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import multiprocessing
 import platform
 import warnings
 
+from reflex.config import environment
+
 try:
     from datetime import UTC, datetime
 except ImportError:
@@ -20,7 +22,6 @@ import psutil
 
 from reflex import constants
 from reflex.utils import console
-from reflex.utils.exec import should_skip_compile
 from reflex.utils.prerequisites import ensure_reflex_installation_id, get_project_hash
 
 POSTHOG_API_URL: str = "https://app.posthog.com/capture/"
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ def _raise_on_missing_project_hash() -> bool:
         False when compilation should be skipped (i.e. no .web directory is required).
         Otherwise return True.
     """
-    return not should_skip_compile()
+    return not environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.get()
 
 
 def _prepare_event(event: str, **kwargs) -> dict:

reflex/utils/types.py

@@ -570,6 +570,12 @@ def _isinstance(obj: Any, cls: GenericType, nested: bool = False) -> bool:
                 _isinstance(item, args[0]) for item in obj
             )
 
+    if args:
+        from reflex.vars import Field
+
+        if origin is Field:
+            return _isinstance(obj, args[0])
+
     return isinstance(obj, get_base_class(cls))
 
 

reflex/vars/base.py

@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ from reflex.utils.types import (
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from reflex.state import BaseState
 
-    from .function import FunctionVar
     from .number import (
         BooleanVar,
         NumberVar,
@@ -279,6 +278,24 @@ def _decode_var_immutable(value: str) -> tuple[VarData | None, str]:
     return VarData.merge(*var_datas) if var_datas else None, value
 
 
+def can_use_in_object_var(cls: GenericType) -> bool:
+    """Check if the class can be used in an ObjectVar.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The class to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        Whether the class can be used in an ObjectVar.
+    """
+    if types.is_union(cls):
+        return all(can_use_in_object_var(t) for t in types.get_args(cls))
+    return (
+        inspect.isclass(cls)
+        and not issubclass(cls, Var)
+        and serializers.can_serialize(cls, dict)
+    )
+
+
 @dataclasses.dataclass(
     eq=False,
     frozen=True,
@@ -565,36 +582,33 @@ class Var(Generic[VAR_TYPE]):
         # Encode the _var_data into the formatted output for tracking purposes.
         return f"{constants.REFLEX_VAR_OPENING_TAG}{hashed_var}{constants.REFLEX_VAR_CLOSING_TAG}{self._js_expr}"
 
-    @overload
-    def to(self, output: Type[StringVar]) -> StringVar: ...
-
     @overload
     def to(self, output: Type[str]) -> StringVar: ...
 
     @overload
-    def to(self, output: Type[BooleanVar]) -> BooleanVar: ...
+    def to(self, output: Type[bool]) -> BooleanVar: ...
 
     @overload
-    def to(
+    def to(self, output: type[int] | type[float]) -> NumberVar: ...
-        self, output: Type[NumberVar], var_type: type[int] | type[float] = float
-    ) -> NumberVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def to(
         self,
-        output: Type[ArrayVar],
+        output: type[list] | type[tuple] | type[set],
-        var_type: type[list] | type[tuple] | type[set] = list,
     ) -> ArrayVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def to(
-        self, output: Type[ObjectVar], var_type: types.GenericType = dict
+        self, output: Type[ObjectVar], var_type: Type[VAR_INSIDE]
-    ) -> ObjectVar: ...
+    ) -> ObjectVar[VAR_INSIDE]: ...
 
     @overload
     def to(
-        self, output: Type[FunctionVar], var_type: Type[Callable] = Callable
+        self, output: Type[ObjectVar], var_type: None = None
-    ) -> FunctionVar: ...
+    ) -> ObjectVar[VAR_TYPE]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def to(self, output: VAR_SUBCLASS, var_type: None = None) -> VAR_SUBCLASS: ...
 
     @overload
     def to(
@@ -630,21 +644,19 @@ class Var(Generic[VAR_TYPE]):
             return get_to_operation(NoneVar).create(self)  # type: ignore
 
         # Handle fixed_output_type being Base or a dataclass.
-        try:
+        if can_use_in_object_var(fixed_output_type):
-            if issubclass(fixed_output_type, Base):
-                return self.to(ObjectVar, output)
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(fixed_output_type) and not issubclass(
-            fixed_output_type, Var
-        ):
             return self.to(ObjectVar, output)
 
         if inspect.isclass(output):
             for var_subclass in _var_subclasses[::-1]:
                 if issubclass(output, var_subclass.var_subclass):
+                    current_var_type = self._var_type
+                    if current_var_type is Any:
+                        new_var_type = var_type
+                    else:
+                        new_var_type = var_type or current_var_type
                     to_operation_return = var_subclass.to_var_subclass.create(
-                        value=self, _var_type=var_type
+                        value=self, _var_type=new_var_type
                     )
                     return to_operation_return  # type: ignore
 
@@ -707,11 +719,7 @@ class Var(Generic[VAR_TYPE]):
             ):
                 return self.to(NumberVar, self._var_type)
 
-            if all(
+            if can_use_in_object_var(var_type):
-                inspect.isclass(t)
-                and (issubclass(t, Base) or dataclasses.is_dataclass(t))
-                for t in inner_types
-            ):
                 return self.to(ObjectVar, self._var_type)
 
             return self
@@ -730,13 +738,9 @@ class Var(Generic[VAR_TYPE]):
             if issubclass(fixed_type, var_subclass.python_types):
                 return self.to(var_subclass.var_subclass, self._var_type)
 
-        try:
+        if can_use_in_object_var(fixed_type):
-            if issubclass(fixed_type, Base):
-                return self.to(ObjectVar, self._var_type)
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(fixed_type):
             return self.to(ObjectVar, self._var_type)
+
         return self
 
     def get_default_value(self) -> Any:
@@ -1181,6 +1185,9 @@ class Var(Generic[VAR_TYPE]):
 
 OUTPUT = TypeVar("OUTPUT", bound=Var)
 
+VAR_SUBCLASS = TypeVar("VAR_SUBCLASS", bound=Var)
+VAR_INSIDE = TypeVar("VAR_INSIDE")
+
 
 class ToOperation:
     """A var operation that converts a var to another type."""
@@ -2888,6 +2895,8 @@ def dispatch(
 
 V = TypeVar("V")
 
+BASE_TYPE = TypeVar("BASE_TYPE", bound=Base)
+
 
 class Field(Generic[T]):
     """Shadow class for Var to allow for type hinting in the IDE."""
@@ -2924,6 +2933,11 @@ class Field(Generic[T]):
         self: Field[Dict[str, V]], instance: None, owner
     ) -> ObjectVar[Dict[str, V]]: ...
 
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self: Field[BASE_TYPE], instance: None, owner
+    ) -> ObjectVar[BASE_TYPE]: ...
+
     @overload
     def __get__(self, instance: None, owner) -> Var[T]: ...
 

reflex/vars/number.py

@@ -1116,7 +1116,9 @@ U = TypeVar("U")
 
 
 @var_operation
-def ternary_operation(condition: BooleanVar, if_true: Var[T], if_false: Var[U]):
+def ternary_operation(
+    condition: BooleanVar, if_true: Var[T], if_false: Var[U]
+) -> CustomVarOperationReturn[Union[T, U]]:
     """Create a ternary operation.
 
     Args:

reflex/vars/object.py

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ from .base import (
 from .number import BooleanVar, NumberVar, raise_unsupported_operand_types
 from .sequence import ArrayVar, StringVar
 
-OBJECT_TYPE = TypeVar("OBJECT_TYPE", bound=Dict)
+OBJECT_TYPE = TypeVar("OBJECT_TYPE")
 
 KEY_TYPE = TypeVar("KEY_TYPE")
 VALUE_TYPE = TypeVar("VALUE_TYPE")
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class ObjectVar(Var[OBJECT_TYPE], python_types=dict):
 
     @overload
     def _value_type(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, VALUE_TYPE]],
     ) -> Type[VALUE_TYPE]: ...
 
     @overload
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class ObjectVar(Var[OBJECT_TYPE], python_types=dict):
 
     @overload
     def values(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, VALUE_TYPE]],
     ) -> ArrayVar[List[VALUE_TYPE]]: ...
 
     @overload
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class ObjectVar(Var[OBJECT_TYPE], python_types=dict):
 
     @overload
     def entries(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, VALUE_TYPE]],
     ) -> ArrayVar[List[Tuple[str, VALUE_TYPE]]]: ...
 
     @overload
@@ -133,47 +133,47 @@ class ObjectVar(Var[OBJECT_TYPE], python_types=dict):
     # NoReturn is used here to catch when key value is Any
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, NoReturn]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, NoReturn]],
         key: Var | Any,
     ) -> Var: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
         self: (
-            ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, int]]
+            ObjectVar[Dict[Any, int]]
-            | ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, float]]
+            | ObjectVar[Dict[Any, float]]
-            | ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, int | float]]
+            | ObjectVar[Dict[Any, int | float]]
         ),
         key: Var | Any,
     ) -> NumberVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, str]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, str]],
         key: Var | Any,
     ) -> StringVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, list[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, list[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]],
         key: Var | Any,
     ) -> ArrayVar[list[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, set[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, set[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]],
         key: Var | Any,
     ) -> ArrayVar[set[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, tuple[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE, ...]]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, tuple[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE, ...]]],
         key: Var | Any,
     ) -> ArrayVar[tuple[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE, ...]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, dict[OTHER_KEY_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE]]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, dict[OTHER_KEY_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE]]],
         key: Var | Any,
     ) -> ObjectVar[dict[OTHER_KEY_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE]]: ...
 
@@ -195,50 +195,56 @@ class ObjectVar(Var[OBJECT_TYPE], python_types=dict):
     # NoReturn is used here to catch when key value is Any
     @overload
     def __getattr__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, NoReturn]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, NoReturn]],
         name: str,
     ) -> Var: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getattr__(
         self: (
-            ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, int]]
+            ObjectVar[Dict[Any, int]]
-            | ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, float]]
+            | ObjectVar[Dict[Any, float]]
-            | ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, int | float]]
+            | ObjectVar[Dict[Any, int | float]]
         ),
         name: str,
     ) -> NumberVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getattr__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, str]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, str]],
         name: str,
     ) -> StringVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getattr__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, list[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, list[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]],
         name: str,
     ) -> ArrayVar[list[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getattr__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, set[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, set[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]],
         name: str,
     ) -> ArrayVar[set[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getattr__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, tuple[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE, ...]]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, tuple[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE, ...]]],
         name: str,
     ) -> ArrayVar[tuple[ARRAY_INNER_TYPE, ...]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getattr__(
-        self: ObjectVar[Dict[KEY_TYPE, dict[OTHER_KEY_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE]]],
+        self: ObjectVar[Dict[Any, dict[OTHER_KEY_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE]]],
         name: str,
     ) -> ObjectVar[dict[OTHER_KEY_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE]]: ...
 
+    @overload
+    def __getattr__(
+        self: ObjectVar,
+        name: str,
+    ) -> ObjectItemOperation: ...
+
     def __getattr__(self, name) -> Var:
         """Get an attribute of the var.
 
@@ -377,8 +383,8 @@ class LiteralObjectVar(CachedVarOperation, ObjectVar[OBJECT_TYPE], LiteralVar):
     @classmethod
     def create(
         cls,
-        _var_value: OBJECT_TYPE,
+        _var_value: dict,
-        _var_type: GenericType | None = None,
+        _var_type: Type[OBJECT_TYPE] | None = None,
         _var_data: VarData | None = None,
     ) -> LiteralObjectVar[OBJECT_TYPE]:
         """Create the literal object var.

reflex/vars/sequence.py

@@ -853,31 +853,31 @@ class ArrayVar(Var[ARRAY_VAR_TYPE], python_types=(list, tuple, set)):
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
         self: (
-            ArrayVar[Tuple[OTHER_TUPLE, int]]
+            ArrayVar[Tuple[Any, int]]
-            | ArrayVar[Tuple[OTHER_TUPLE, float]]
+            | ArrayVar[Tuple[Any, float]]
-            | ArrayVar[Tuple[OTHER_TUPLE, int | float]]
+            | ArrayVar[Tuple[Any, int | float]]
         ),
         i: Literal[1, -1],
     ) -> NumberVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ArrayVar[Tuple[str, OTHER_TUPLE]], i: Literal[0, -2]
+        self: ArrayVar[Tuple[str, Any]], i: Literal[0, -2]
     ) -> StringVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ArrayVar[Tuple[OTHER_TUPLE, str]], i: Literal[1, -1]
+        self: ArrayVar[Tuple[Any, str]], i: Literal[1, -1]
     ) -> StringVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ArrayVar[Tuple[bool, OTHER_TUPLE]], i: Literal[0, -2]
+        self: ArrayVar[Tuple[bool, Any]], i: Literal[0, -2]
     ) -> BooleanVar: ...
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(
-        self: ArrayVar[Tuple[OTHER_TUPLE, bool]], i: Literal[1, -1]
+        self: ArrayVar[Tuple[Any, bool]], i: Literal[1, -1]
     ) -> BooleanVar: ...
 
     @overload

tests/integration/conftest.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 
+from reflex.config import environment
 from reflex.testing import AppHarness, AppHarnessProd
 
 DISPLAY = None
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ def xvfb():
     Yields:
         the pyvirtualdisplay object that the browser will be open on
     """
-    if os.environ.get("GITHUB_ACTIONS") and not os.environ.get("APP_HARNESS_HEADLESS"):
+    if os.environ.get("GITHUB_ACTIONS") and not environment.APP_HARNESS_HEADLESS.get():
         from pyvirtualdisplay.smartdisplay import (  # pyright: ignore [reportMissingImports]
             SmartDisplay,
         )
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ def pytest_exception_interact(node, call, report):
         call: The pytest call describing when/where the test was invoked.
         report: The pytest log report object.
     """
-    screenshot_dir = os.environ.get("SCREENSHOT_DIR")
+    screenshot_dir = environment.SCREENSHOT_DIR.get()
     if DISPLAY is None or screenshot_dir is None:
         return
 

tests/integration/test_upload.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
 import time
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Generator
 
 import pytest
@@ -205,11 +206,12 @@ async def test_upload_file(
 
     file_data = await AppHarness._poll_for_async(get_file_data)
     assert isinstance(file_data, dict)
-    assert file_data[exp_name] == exp_contents
+    normalized_file_data = {Path(k).name: v for k, v in file_data.items()}
+    assert normalized_file_data[Path(exp_name).name] == exp_contents
 
     # check that the selected files are displayed
     selected_files = driver.find_element(By.ID, f"selected_files{suffix}")
-    assert selected_files.text == exp_name
+    assert Path(selected_files.text).name == Path(exp_name).name
 
     state = await upload_file.get_state(substate_token)
     if secondary:
@@ -256,7 +258,9 @@ async def test_upload_file_multiple(tmp_path, upload_file: AppHarness, driver):
 
     # check that the selected files are displayed
     selected_files = driver.find_element(By.ID, "selected_files")
-    assert selected_files.text == "\n".join(exp_files)
+    assert [Path(name).name for name in selected_files.text.split("\n")] == [
+        Path(name).name for name in exp_files
+    ]
 
     # do the upload
     upload_button.click()
@@ -271,8 +275,9 @@ async def test_upload_file_multiple(tmp_path, upload_file: AppHarness, driver):
 
     file_data = await AppHarness._poll_for_async(get_file_data)
     assert isinstance(file_data, dict)
+    normalized_file_data = {Path(k).name: v for k, v in file_data.items()}
     for exp_name, exp_contents in exp_files.items():
-        assert file_data[exp_name] == exp_contents
+        assert normalized_file_data[Path(exp_name).name] == exp_contents
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("secondary", [False, True])
@@ -317,7 +322,9 @@ def test_clear_files(
 
     # check that the selected files are displayed
     selected_files = driver.find_element(By.ID, f"selected_files{suffix}")
-    assert selected_files.text == "\n".join(exp_files)
+    assert [Path(name).name for name in selected_files.text.split("\n")] == [
+        Path(name).name for name in exp_files
+    ]
 
     clear_button = driver.find_element(By.ID, f"clear_button{suffix}")
     assert clear_button
@@ -369,6 +376,9 @@ async def test_cancel_upload(tmp_path, upload_file: AppHarness, driver: WebDrive
     # look up the backend state and assert on progress
     state = await upload_file.get_state(substate_token)
     assert state.substates[state_name].progress_dicts
-    assert exp_name not in state.substates[state_name]._file_data
+    file_data = state.substates[state_name]._file_data
+    assert isinstance(file_data, dict)
+    normalized_file_data = {Path(k).name: v for k, v in file_data.items()}
+    assert Path(exp_name).name not in normalized_file_data
 
     target_file.unlink()

tests/units/components/test_component.py

@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ from reflex.constants import EventTriggers
 from reflex.event import (
     EventChain,
     EventHandler,
-    empty_event,
-    identity_event,
     input_event,
+    no_args_event_spec,
     parse_args_spec,
+    passthrough_event_spec,
 )
 from reflex.state import BaseState
 from reflex.style import Style
@@ -111,10 +111,10 @@ def component2() -> Type[Component]:
             """
             return {
                 **super().get_event_triggers(),
-                "on_open": identity_event(bool),
+                "on_open": passthrough_event_spec(bool),
-                "on_close": identity_event(bool),
+                "on_close": passthrough_event_spec(bool),
-                "on_user_visited_count_changed": identity_event(int),
+                "on_user_visited_count_changed": passthrough_event_spec(int),
-                "on_user_list_changed": identity_event(List[str]),
+                "on_user_list_changed": passthrough_event_spec(List[str]),
             }
 
         def _get_imports(self) -> ParsedImportDict:
@@ -1821,8 +1821,8 @@ def test_custom_component_declare_event_handlers_in_fields():
     class TestComponent(Component):
         on_a: EventHandler[lambda e0: [e0]]
         on_b: EventHandler[input_event]
-        on_c: EventHandler[empty_event]
+        on_c: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
-        on_d: EventHandler[empty_event]
+        on_d: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
         on_e: EventHandler
         on_f: EventHandler[lambda a, b, c: [c, b, a]]
 

tests/units/components/test_component_future_annotations.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from typing import Any
 
 from reflex.components.component import Component
-from reflex.event import EventHandler, empty_event, input_event
+from reflex.event import EventHandler, input_event, no_args_event_spec
 
 
 # This is a repeat of its namesake in test_component.py.
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ def test_custom_component_declare_event_handlers_in_fields():
     class TestComponent(Component):
         on_a: EventHandler[lambda e0: [e0]]
         on_b: EventHandler[input_event]
-        on_c: EventHandler[empty_event]
+        on_c: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
-        on_d: EventHandler[empty_event]
+        on_d: EventHandler[no_args_event_spec]
 
     custom_component = ReferenceComponent.create()
     test_component = TestComponent.create()

tests/units/test_config.py

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import pytest
 import reflex as rx
 import reflex.config
 from reflex.config import (
+    EnvVar,
+    env_var,
     environment,
     interpret_boolean_env,
     interpret_enum_env,
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ def test_replace_defaults(
 
 
 def reflex_dir_constant() -> Path:
-    return environment.REFLEX_DIR
+    return environment.REFLEX_DIR.get()
 
 
 def test_reflex_dir_env_var(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -227,6 +229,7 @@ def test_reflex_dir_env_var(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path) ->
     monkeypatch.setenv("REFLEX_DIR", str(tmp_path))
 
     mp_ctx = multiprocessing.get_context(method="spawn")
+    assert reflex_dir_constant() == tmp_path
     with mp_ctx.Pool(processes=1) as pool:
         assert pool.apply(reflex_dir_constant) == tmp_path
 
@@ -242,3 +245,38 @@ def test_interpret_int_env() -> None:
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("value, expected", [("true", True), ("false", False)])
 def test_interpret_bool_env(value: str, expected: bool) -> None:
     assert interpret_boolean_env(value, "TELEMETRY_ENABLED") == expected
+
+
+def test_env_var():
+    class TestEnv:
+        BLUBB: EnvVar[str] = env_var("default")
+        INTERNAL: EnvVar[str] = env_var("default", internal=True)
+        BOOLEAN: EnvVar[bool] = env_var(False)
+
+    assert TestEnv.BLUBB.get() == "default"
+    assert TestEnv.BLUBB.name == "BLUBB"
+    TestEnv.BLUBB.set("new")
+    assert os.environ.get("BLUBB") == "new"
+    assert TestEnv.BLUBB.get() == "new"
+    TestEnv.BLUBB.set(None)
+    assert "BLUBB" not in os.environ
+
+    assert TestEnv.INTERNAL.get() == "default"
+    assert TestEnv.INTERNAL.name == "__INTERNAL"
+    TestEnv.INTERNAL.set("new")
+    assert os.environ.get("__INTERNAL") == "new"
+    assert TestEnv.INTERNAL.get() == "new"
+    assert TestEnv.INTERNAL.getenv() == "new"
+    TestEnv.INTERNAL.set(None)
+    assert "__INTERNAL" not in os.environ
+
+    assert TestEnv.BOOLEAN.get() is False
+    assert TestEnv.BOOLEAN.name == "BOOLEAN"
+    TestEnv.BOOLEAN.set(True)
+    assert os.environ.get("BOOLEAN") == "True"
+    assert TestEnv.BOOLEAN.get() is True
+    TestEnv.BOOLEAN.set(False)
+    assert os.environ.get("BOOLEAN") == "False"
+    assert TestEnv.BOOLEAN.get() is False
+    TestEnv.BOOLEAN.set(None)
+    assert "BOOLEAN" not in os.environ

tests/units/test_event.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import List
+from typing import Callable, List
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -216,24 +216,40 @@ def test_event_console_log():
     """Test the event console log function."""
     spec = event.console_log("message")
     assert isinstance(spec, EventSpec)
-    assert spec.handler.fn.__qualname__ == "_console"
+    assert spec.handler.fn.__qualname__ == "_call_function"
-    assert spec.args[0][0].equals(Var(_js_expr="message"))
+    assert spec.args[0][0].equals(Var(_js_expr="function"))
-    assert spec.args[0][1].equals(LiteralVar.create("message"))
+    assert spec.args[0][1].equals(
-    assert format.format_event(spec) == 'Event("_console", {message:"message"})'
+        Var('(() => ((console["log"]("message"))))', _var_type=Callable)
+    )
+    assert (
+        format.format_event(spec)
+        == 'Event("_call_function", {function:(() => ((console["log"]("message"))))})'
+    )
     spec = event.console_log(Var(_js_expr="message"))
-    assert format.format_event(spec) == 'Event("_console", {message:message})'
+    assert (
+        format.format_event(spec)
+        == 'Event("_call_function", {function:(() => ((console["log"](message))))})'
+    )
 
 
 def test_event_window_alert():
     """Test the event window alert function."""
     spec = event.window_alert("message")
     assert isinstance(spec, EventSpec)
-    assert spec.handler.fn.__qualname__ == "_alert"
+    assert spec.handler.fn.__qualname__ == "_call_function"
-    assert spec.args[0][0].equals(Var(_js_expr="message"))
+    assert spec.args[0][0].equals(Var(_js_expr="function"))
-    assert spec.args[0][1].equals(LiteralVar.create("message"))
+    assert spec.args[0][1].equals(
-    assert format.format_event(spec) == 'Event("_alert", {message:"message"})'
+        Var('(() => ((window["alert"]("message"))))', _var_type=Callable)
+    )
+    assert (
+        format.format_event(spec)
+        == 'Event("_call_function", {function:(() => ((window["alert"]("message"))))})'
+    )
     spec = event.window_alert(Var(_js_expr="message"))
-    assert format.format_event(spec) == 'Event("_alert", {message:message})'
+    assert (
+        format.format_event(spec)
+        == 'Event("_call_function", {function:(() => ((window["alert"](message))))})'
+    )
 
 
 def test_set_focus():

tests/units/test_state.py

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ from reflex.testing import chdir
 from reflex.utils import format, prerequisites, types
 from reflex.utils.exceptions import SetUndefinedStateVarError
 from reflex.utils.format import json_dumps
-from reflex.vars.base import ComputedVar, Var
+from reflex.vars.base import Var, computed_var
 from tests.units.states.mutation import MutableSQLAModel, MutableTestState
 
 from .states import GenState
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class TestState(BaseState):
     _backend: int = 0
     asynctest: int = 0
 
-    @ComputedVar
+    @computed_var
     def sum(self) -> float:
         """Dynamically sum the numbers.
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class TestState(BaseState):
         """
         return self.num1 + self.num2
 
-    @ComputedVar
+    @computed_var
     def upper(self) -> str:
         """Uppercase the key.
 
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ def test_child_state():
         v: int = 2
 
     class ChildState(MainState):
-        @ComputedVar
+        @computed_var
         def rendered_var(self):
             return self.v
 
@@ -1143,7 +1143,7 @@ def test_conditional_computed_vars():
         t1: str = "a"
         t2: str = "b"
 
-        @ComputedVar
+        @computed_var
         def rendered_var(self) -> str:
             if self.flag:
                 return self.t1
@@ -3095,12 +3095,12 @@ def test_potentially_dirty_substates():
     """
 
     class State(RxState):
-        @ComputedVar
+        @computed_var
         def foo(self) -> str:
             return ""
 
     class C1(State):
-        @ComputedVar
+        @computed_var
         def bar(self) -> str:
             return ""
 
@@ -3404,3 +3404,10 @@ def test_fallback_pickle():
     state3._g = (i for i in range(10))
     pk3 = state3._serialize()
     assert len(pk3) == 0
+
+
+def test_typed_state() -> None:
+    class TypedState(rx.State):
+        field: rx.Field[str] = rx.field("")
+
+    _ = TypedState(field="str")

tests/units/utils/test_utils.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from packaging import version
 
 from reflex import constants
 from reflex.base import Base
+from reflex.config import environment
 from reflex.event import EventHandler
 from reflex.state import BaseState
 from reflex.utils import (
@@ -593,3 +594,11 @@ def test_style_prop_with_event_handler_value(callable):
         rx.box(
             style=style,  # type: ignore
         )
+
+
+def test_is_prod_mode() -> None:
+    """Test that the prod mode is correctly determined."""
+    environment.REFLEX_ENV_MODE.set(constants.Env.PROD)
+    assert utils_exec.is_prod_mode()
+    environment.REFLEX_ENV_MODE.set(None)
+    assert not utils_exec.is_prod_mode()

tests/units/vars/test_object.py

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import pytest
+from typing_extensions import assert_type
+
+import reflex as rx
+from reflex.utils.types import GenericType
+from reflex.vars.base import Var
+from reflex.vars.object import LiteralObjectVar, ObjectVar
+
+
+class Bare:
+    """A bare class with a single attribute."""
+
+    quantity: int = 0
+
+
+@rx.serializer
+def serialize_bare(obj: Bare) -> dict:
+    """A serializer for the bare class.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The object to serialize.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dictionary with the quantity attribute.
+    """
+    return {"quantity": obj.quantity}
+
+
+class Base(rx.Base):
+    """A reflex base class with a single attribute."""
+
+    quantity: int = 0
+
+
+class ObjectState(rx.State):
+    """A reflex state with bare and base objects."""
+
+    bare: rx.Field[Bare] = rx.field(Bare())
+    base: rx.Field[Base] = rx.field(Base())
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("type_", [Base, Bare])
+def test_var_create(type_: GenericType) -> None:
+    my_object = type_()
+    var = Var.create(my_object)
+    assert var._var_type is type_
+
+    quantity = var.quantity
+    assert quantity._var_type is int
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("type_", [Base, Bare])
+def test_literal_create(type_: GenericType) -> None:
+    my_object = type_()
+    var = LiteralObjectVar.create(my_object)
+    assert var._var_type is type_
+
+    quantity = var.quantity
+    assert quantity._var_type is int
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("type_", [Base, Bare])
+def test_guess(type_: GenericType) -> None:
+    my_object = type_()
+    var = Var.create(my_object)
+    var = var.guess_type()
+    assert var._var_type is type_
+
+    quantity = var.quantity
+    assert quantity._var_type is int
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("type_", [Base, Bare])
+def test_state(type_: GenericType) -> None:
+    attr_name = type_.__name__.lower()
+    var = getattr(ObjectState, attr_name)
+    assert var._var_type is type_
+
+    quantity = var.quantity
+    assert quantity._var_type is int
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("type_", [Base, Bare])
+def test_state_to_operation(type_: GenericType) -> None:
+    attr_name = type_.__name__.lower()
+    original_var = getattr(ObjectState, attr_name)
+
+    var = original_var.to(ObjectVar, type_)
+    assert var._var_type is type_
+
+    var = original_var.to(ObjectVar)
+    assert var._var_type is type_
+
+
+def test_typing() -> None:
+    # Bare
+    var = ObjectState.bare.to(ObjectVar)
+    _ = assert_type(var, ObjectVar[Bare])
+
+    # Base
+    var = ObjectState.base
+    _ = assert_type(var, ObjectVar[Base])