remove a bit more unions

reflex/app.py

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ from typing import (
     Dict,
     MutableMapping,
     Type,
-    Union,
     get_args,
     get_type_hints,
 )
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ class UnevaluatedPage:
     title: Var | str | None
     description: Var | str | None
     image: str
-    on_load: Union[EventType[()], None]
+    on_load: EventType[()] | None
     meta: list[dict[str, str]]
 
 
@@ -399,7 +398,7 @@ class App(MiddlewareMixin, LifespanMixin):
 
     # Backend Error Handler Function
     backend_exception_handler: Callable[
-        [Exception], Union[EventSpec, list[EventSpec], None]
+        [Exception], EventSpec | list[EventSpec] | None
     ] = default_backend_exception_handler
 
     # Put the toast provider in the app wrap.
@@ -1491,7 +1490,7 @@ class App(MiddlewareMixin, LifespanMixin):
                 if not valid:
                     raise ValueError(
                         f"Provided custom {handler_domain} exception handler `{_fn_name}` has the wrong return type."
-                        f"Expected `Union[EventSpec, list[EventSpec], None]` but got `{return_type}`"
+                        f"Expected `EventSpec | list[EventSpec] | None` but got `{return_type}`"
                     )
 
 

reflex/components/component.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from functools import lru_cache, wraps
 from hashlib import md5
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-from typing import Any, Callable, ClassVar, Iterator, List, Sequence, Type, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, ClassVar, Iterator, List, Sequence, Type
 
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
@@ -159,9 +159,7 @@ def evaluate_style_namespaces(style: ComponentStyle) -> dict:
 
 
 # Map from component to styling.
-ComponentStyle = dict[
+ComponentStyle = dict[str | Type[BaseComponent] | Callable | ComponentNamespace, Any]
-    Union[str, Type[BaseComponent], Callable, ComponentNamespace], Any
-]
 ComponentChild = types.PrimitiveType | Var | BaseComponent
 ComponentChildTypes = (*types.PrimitiveTypes, Var, BaseComponent)
 

reflex/components/core/breakpoints.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TypeVar, Union
+from typing import TypeVar
 
 breakpoints_values = ["30em", "48em", "62em", "80em", "96em"]
 breakpoint_names = ["xs", "sm", "md", "lg", "xl"]
@@ -94,4 +94,4 @@ breakpoints = Breakpoints.create
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
-Responsive = Union[T, Breakpoints[str, T]]
+Responsive = T | Breakpoints[str, T]

reflex/components/datadisplay/logo.py

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 """A Reflex logo component."""
 
-from typing import Union
-
 import reflex as rx
 
 
 def svg_logo(
-    color: Union[str, rx.Var[str]] = rx.color_mode_cond("#110F1F", "white"),
+    color: str | rx.Var[str] = rx.color_mode_cond("#110F1F", "white"),
     **props,
 ):
     """A Reflex logo SVG.

reflex/components/datadisplay/shiki_code_block.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import Any, Literal, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal
 
 from reflex.base import Base
 from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
@@ -547,15 +547,13 @@ class ShikiCodeBlock(Component, MarkdownComponentMap):
     theme: Var[LiteralCodeTheme] = Var.create("one-light")
 
     # The set of themes to use for different modes.
-    themes: Var[Union[list[dict[str, Any]], dict[str, str]]]
+    themes: Var[list[dict[str, Any]] | dict[str, str]]
 
     # The code to display.
     code: Var[str]
 
     # The transformers to use for the syntax highlighter.
-    transformers: Var[list[Union[ShikiBaseTransformers, dict[str, Any]]]] = Var.create(
+    transformers: Var[list[ShikiBaseTransformers | dict[str, Any]]] = Var.create([])
-        []
-    )
 
     # The decorations to use for the syntax highlighter.
     decorations: Var[list[ShikiDecorations]] = Var.create([])

reflex/components/el/elements/inline.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Inline classes."""
 
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class A(BaseHTML):  # Inherits common attributes from BaseMeta
     rel: Var[str]
 
     # Specifies where to open the linked document
-    target: Var[Union[str, Literal["_self", "_blank", "_parent", "_top"]]]
+    target: Var[str | Literal["_self", "_blank", "_parent", "_top"]]
 
 
 class Abbr(BaseHTML):

reflex/components/el/elements/media.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Media classes."""
 
-from typing import Any, Literal, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal
 
 from reflex import Component, ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.el.elements.inline import ReferrerPolicy
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ class Stop(BaseHTML):
     stop_color: Var[str | Color | bool]
 
     # Opacity of the gradient stop.
-    stop_opacity: Var[Union[str, float, int, bool]]
+    stop_opacity: Var[str | float | int | bool]
 
 
 class Path(BaseHTML):

reflex/components/moment/moment.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import dataclasses
 from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta
-from typing import Union
 
 from reflex.components.component import NoSSRComponent
 from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ class Moment(NoSSRComponent):
     duration: Var[str]
 
     # The date to display (also work if passed as children).
-    date: Var[Union[str, datetime, date, time, timedelta]]
+    date: Var[str | datetime | date | time | timedelta]
 
     # Shows the duration (elapsed time) between now and the provided datetime.
     duration_from_now: Var[bool]

reflex/components/plotly/plotly.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, TypedDict, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, TypedDict, TypeVar
 
 from reflex.components.component import Component, NoSSRComponent
 from reflex.components.core.cond import color_mode_cond
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def _event_points_data_signature(e0: Var) -> tuple[Var[list[Point]]]:
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
-ItemOrList = Union[T, list[T]]
+ItemOrList = T | list[T]
 
 
 class BBox(TypedDict):
@@ -59,33 +59,10 @@ class Point(TypedDict):
     lon: float | int | None
     curveNumber: int | None
     pointNumber: int | None
-    pointNumbers: Union[list[int], None]
+    pointNumbers: list[int] | None
     pointIndex: int | None
-    markerColor: Union[
+    markerColor: ItemOrList[ItemOrList[float | int | str | None]] | None
-        ItemOrList[
+    markerSize: ItemOrList[ItemOrList[float | int | None,]] | None
-            ItemOrList[
-                Union[
-                    float,
-                    int,
-                    str,
-                    None,
-                ]
-            ]
-        ],
-        None,
-    ]
-    markerSize: Union[
-        ItemOrList[
-            ItemOrList[
-                Union[
-                    float,
-                    int,
-                    None,
-                ]
-            ]
-        ],
-        None,
-    ]
     bbox: BBox | None
 
 

reflex/components/plotly/plotly.pyi

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # ------------------- DO NOT EDIT ----------------------
 # This file was generated by `reflex/utils/pyi_generator.py`!
 # ------------------------------------------------------
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, TypedDict, TypeVar, Union, overload
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, TypedDict, TypeVar, overload
 
 from reflex.components.component import NoSSRComponent
 from reflex.event import EventType
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ except ImportError:
     Figure = Any
     Template = Any
 T = TypeVar("T")
-ItemOrList = Union[T, list[T]]
+ItemOrList = T | list[T]
 
 class BBox(TypedDict):
     x0: float | int | None
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ class Point(TypedDict):
     lon: float | int | None
     curveNumber: int | None
     pointNumber: int | None
-    pointNumbers: Union[list[int], None]
+    pointNumbers: list[int] | None
     pointIndex: int | None
-    markerColor: Union[ItemOrList[ItemOrList[Union[float, int, str, None]]], None]
+    markerColor: ItemOrList[ItemOrList[float | int | str | None]] | None
-    markerSize: Union[ItemOrList[ItemOrList[Union[float, int, None]]], None]
+    markerSize: ItemOrList[ItemOrList[float | int | None,]] | None
     bbox: BBox | None
 
 class Plotly(NoSSRComponent):

reflex/components/radix/primitives/accordion.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Literal, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal
 
 from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.colors import color
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ class AccordionRoot(AccordionComponent):
     type: Var[LiteralAccordionType]
 
     # The value of the item to expand.
-    value: Var[Union[str, list[str]]]
+    value: Var[str | list[str]]
 
     # The default value of the item to expand.
-    default_value: Var[Union[str, list[str]]]
+    default_value: Var[str | list[str]]
 
     # Whether or not the accordion is collapsible.
     collapsible: Var[bool]

reflex/components/radix/themes/color_mode.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ rx.text(
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Literal, Union, get_args
+from typing import Any, Literal, get_args
 
 from reflex.components.component import BaseComponent
 from reflex.components.core.cond import Cond, color_mode_cond, cond
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class ColorModeIconButton(IconButton):
     """Icon Button for toggling light / dark mode via toggle_color_mode."""
 
     # The position of the icon button. Follow document flow if None.
-    position: Union[LiteralPosition, Var[LiteralPosition]] | None = None
+    position: LiteralPosition | Var[LiteralPosition] | None = None
 
     # Allow picking the "system" value for the color mode.
     allow_system: bool = False

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/callout.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Interactive components provided by @radix-ui/themes."""
 
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 import reflex as rx
 from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class Callout(CalloutRoot):
     icon: Var[str]
 
     @classmethod
-    def create(cls, text: Union[str, Var[str]], **props) -> Component:
+    def create(cls, text: str | Var[str], **props) -> Component:
         """Create a callout component.
 
         Args:

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/checkbox_cards.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """Components for the Radix CheckboxCards component."""
 
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.vars.base import Var
@@ -27,14 +27,10 @@ class CheckboxCardsRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     high_contrast: Var[bool]
 
     # The number of columns:
-    columns: Var[
+    columns: Var[Responsive[str | Literal["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]]]
-        Responsive[Union[str, Literal["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]]]
-    ]
 
     # The gap between the checkbox cards:
-    gap: Var[
+    gap: Var[Responsive[str | Literal["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]]]
-        Responsive[Union[str, Literal["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]]]
-    ]
 
 
 class CheckboxCardsItem(RadixThemesComponent):

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/context_menu.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Interactive components provided by @radix-ui/themes."""
 
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class ContextMenuContent(RadixThemesComponent):
     avoid_collisions: Var[bool]
 
     # The distance in pixels from the boundary edges where collision detection should occur. Accepts a number (same for all sides), or a partial padding object, for example: { "top": 20, "left": 20 }. Defaults to 0.
-    collision_padding: Var[Union[float, int, dict[str, float | int]]]
+    collision_padding: Var[float | int | dict[str, float | int]]
 
     # The sticky behavior on the align axis. "partial" will keep the content in the boundary as long as the trigger is at least partially in the boundary whilst "always" will keep the content in the boundary regardless. Defaults to "partial".
     sticky: Var[LiteralStickyType]
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class ContextMenuSubContent(RadixThemesComponent):
     avoid_collisions: Var[bool]
 
     # The distance in pixels from the boundary edges where collision detection should occur. Accepts a number (same for all sides), or a partial padding object, for example: { "top": 20, "left": 20 }. Defaults to 0.
-    collision_padding: Var[Union[float, int, dict[str, float | int]]]
+    collision_padding: Var[float | int | dict[str, float | int]]
 
     # The sticky behavior on the align axis. "partial" will keep the content in the boundary as long as the trigger is at least partially in the boundary whilst "always" will keep the content in the boundary regardless. Defaults to "partial".
     sticky: Var[LiteralStickyType]

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/dropdown_menu.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Interactive components provided by @radix-ui/themes."""
 
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class DropdownMenuContent(RadixThemesComponent):
     avoid_collisions: Var[bool]
 
     # The distance in pixels from the boundary edges where collision detection should occur. Accepts a number (same for all sides), or a partial padding object, for example: { "top": 20, "left": 20 }. Defaults to 0.
-    collision_padding: Var[Union[float, int, dict[str, float | int]]]
+    collision_padding: Var[float | int | dict[str, float | int]]
 
     # The sticky behavior on the align axis. "partial" will keep the content in the boundary as long as the trigger is at least partially in the boundary whilst "always" will keep the content in the boundary regardless. Defaults to "partial".
     sticky: Var[LiteralStickyType]
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class DropdownMenuSubContent(RadixThemesComponent):
     avoid_collisions: Var[bool]
 
     # The distance in pixels from the boundary edges where collision detection should occur. Accepts a number (same for all sides), or a partial padding object, for example: { "top": 20, "left": 20 }. Defaults to 0.
-    collision_padding: Var[Union[float, int, dict[str, float | int]]]
+    collision_padding: Var[float | int | dict[str, float | int]]
 
     # The sticky behavior on the align axis. "partial" will keep the content in the boundary as long as the trigger is at least partially in the boundary whilst "always" will keep the content in the boundary regardless. Defaults to "partial".
     sticky: Var[LiteralStickyType]

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/hover_card.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Interactive components provided by @radix-ui/themes."""
 
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class HoverCardContent(elements.Div, RadixThemesComponent):
     avoid_collisions: Var[bool]
 
     # The distance in pixels from the boundary edges where collision detection should occur. Accepts a number (same for all sides), or a partial padding object, for example: { top: 20, left: 20 }.
-    collision_padding: Var[Union[float, int, dict[str, float | int]]]
+    collision_padding: Var[float | int | dict[str, float | int]]
 
     # The sticky behavior on the align axis. "partial" will keep the content in the boundary as long as the trigger is at least partially in the boundary whilst "always" will keep the content in the boundary regardless
     sticky: Var[Literal["partial", "always"]]

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/popover.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Interactive components provided by @radix-ui/themes."""
 
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.components.component import ComponentNamespace
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class PopoverContent(elements.Div, RadixThemesComponent):
     avoid_collisions: Var[bool]
 
     # The distance in pixels from the boundary edges where collision detection should occur. Accepts a number (same for all sides), or a partial padding object, for example: { "top": 20, "left": 20 }. Defaults to 0.
-    collision_padding: Var[Union[float, int, dict[str, float | int]]]
+    collision_padding: Var[float | int | dict[str, float | int]]
 
     # The sticky behavior on the align axis. "partial" will keep the content in the boundary as long as the trigger is at least partially in the boundary whilst "always" will keep the content in the boundary regardless. Defaults to "partial".
     sticky: Var[Literal["partial", "always"]]

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/radio_cards.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """Radio component from Radix Themes."""
 
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.event import EventHandler, passthrough_event_spec
@@ -31,14 +31,10 @@ class RadioCardsRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     high_contrast: Var[bool]
 
     # The number of columns:
-    columns: Var[
+    columns: Var[Responsive[str | Literal["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]]]
-        Responsive[Union[str, Literal["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]]]
-    ]
 
     # The gap between the checkbox cards:
-    gap: Var[
+    gap: Var[Responsive[str | Literal["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]]]
-        Responsive[Union[str, Literal["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]]]
-    ]
 
     default_value: Var[str]
 

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/segmented_control.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Responsive
 from reflex.event import EventHandler
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ from ..base import LiteralAccentColor, RadixThemesComponent
 
 
 def on_value_change(
-    value: Var[Union[str, list[str]]],
+    value: Var[str | list[str]],
-) -> tuple[Var[Union[str, list[str]]]]:
+) -> tuple[Var[str | list[str]]]:
     """Handle the on_value_change event.
 
     Args:
@@ -47,10 +47,10 @@ class SegmentedControlRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     radius: Var[Literal["none", "small", "medium", "large", "full"]]
 
     # The default value of the segmented control.
-    default_value: Var[Union[str, list[str]]]
+    default_value: Var[str | list[str]]
 
     # The current value of the segmented control.
-    value: Var[Union[str, list[str]]]
+    value: Var[str | list[str]]
 
     # Handles the `onChange` event for the SegmentedControl component.
     on_change: EventHandler[on_value_change]

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/segmented_control.pyi

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # This file was generated by `reflex/utils/pyi_generator.py`!
 # ------------------------------------------------------
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Union, overload
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, overload
 
 from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import Breakpoints
 from reflex.event import EventType
@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@ from reflex.vars.base import Var
 
 from ..base import RadixThemesComponent
 
-def on_value_change(
+def on_value_change(value: Var[str | list[str]]) -> tuple[Var[str | list[str]]]: ...
-    value: Var[Union[str, list[str]]],
-) -> tuple[Var[Union[str, list[str]]]]: ...
 
 class SegmentedControlRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
     @overload
@@ -104,7 +102,7 @@ class SegmentedControlRoot(RadixThemesComponent):
         autofocus: bool | None = None,
         custom_attrs: dict[str, Var | Any] | None = None,
         on_blur: Optional[EventType[()]] = None,
-        on_change: Optional[EventType[()] | EventType[Union[str, list[str]]]] = None,
+        on_change: Optional[EventType[()] | EventType[str | list[str]]] = None,
         on_click: Optional[EventType[()]] = None,
         on_context_menu: Optional[EventType[()]] = None,
         on_double_click: Optional[EventType[()]] = None,

reflex/components/radix/themes/components/select.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Interactive components provided by @radix-ui/themes."""
 
-from typing import Literal, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 import reflex as rx
 from reflex.components.component import Component, ComponentNamespace
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class HighLevelSelect(SelectRoot):
     position: Var[Literal["item-aligned", "popper"]]
 
     @classmethod
-    def create(cls, items: Union[list[str], Var[list[str]]], **props) -> Component:
+    def create(cls, items: list[str] | Var[list[str]], **props) -> Component:
         """Create a select component.
 
         Args:

reflex/components/recharts/cartesian.py

@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ class Bar(Cartesian):
     max_bar_size: Var[int]
 
     # If set a value, the option is the radius of all the rounded corners. If set a array, the option are in turn the radiuses of top-left corner, top-right corner, bottom-right corner, bottom-left corner. Default: 0
-    radius: Var[Union[int, list[int]]]
+    radius: Var[int | list[int]]
 
     # The active bar is shown when a user enters a bar chart and this chart has tooltip. If set to false, no active bar will be drawn. If set to true, active bar will be drawn with the props calculated internally. If passed an object, active bar will be drawn, and the internally calculated props will be merged with the key value pairs of the passed object.
     # active_bar: Var[Union[bool, dict[str, Any]]] #noqa: ERA001

reflex/components/suneditor/editor.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class EditorOptions(Base):
     rtl: bool | None = None
 
     # List of buttons to use in the toolbar.
-    button_list: list[Union[list[str], str]] | None
+    button_list: list[list[str] | str] | None
 
 
 def on_blur_spec(e: Var, content: Var[str]) -> tuple[Var[str]]:

reflex/components/suneditor/editor.pyi

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # This file was generated by `reflex/utils/pyi_generator.py`!
 # ------------------------------------------------------
 import enum
-from typing import Any, Dict, Literal, Optional, Union, overload
+from typing import Any, Dict, Literal, Optional, overload
 
 from reflex.base import Base
 from reflex.components.component import NoSSRComponent
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class EditorOptions(Base):
     default_tag: str | None
     mode: str | None
     rtl: bool | None
-    button_list: list[Union[list[str], str]] | None
+    button_list: list[list[str] | str] | None
 
 def on_blur_spec(e: Var, content: Var[str]) -> tuple[Var[str]]: ...
 def on_paste_spec(

reflex/event.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ from typing import (
     Type,
     TypedDict,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     get_args,
     get_origin,
     get_type_hints,
@@ -393,9 +392,7 @@ class EventChain(EventActionsMixin):
         default_factory=list
     )
 
-    args_spec: Union[Callable, Sequence[Callable]] | None = dataclasses.field(
+    args_spec: Callable | Sequence[Callable] | None = dataclasses.field(default=None)
-        default=None
-    )
 
     invocation: Var | None = dataclasses.field(default=None)
 
@@ -979,7 +976,7 @@ def remove_session_storage(key: str) -> EventSpec:
     )
 
 
-def set_clipboard(content: Union[str, Var[str]]) -> EventSpec:
+def set_clipboard(content: str | Var[str]) -> EventSpec:
     """Set the text in content in the clipboard.
 
     Args:
@@ -1943,10 +1940,10 @@ class EventNamespace(types.SimpleNamespace):
         func: Callable[[BASE_STATE, Unpack[P]], Any] | None = None,
         *,
         background: bool | None = None,
-    ) -> Union[
+    ) -> (
-        EventCallback[Unpack[P]],
+        EventCallback[Unpack[P]]
-        Callable[[Callable[[BASE_STATE, Unpack[P]], Any]], EventCallback[Unpack[P]]],
+        | Callable[[Callable[[BASE_STATE, Unpack[P]], Any]], EventCallback[Unpack[P]]]
-    ]:
+    ):
         """Wrap a function to be used as an event.
 
         Args:

reflex/model.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import re
 from collections import defaultdict
 from contextlib import suppress
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Type, Union
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Type
 
 import alembic.autogenerate
 import alembic.command
@@ -161,9 +161,7 @@ async def get_db_status() -> dict[str, bool]:
     return {"db": status}
 
 
-SQLModelOrSqlAlchemy = Union[
+SQLModelOrSqlAlchemy = Type[sqlmodel.SQLModel] | Type[sqlalchemy.orm.DeclarativeBase]
-    Type[sqlmodel.SQLModel], Type[sqlalchemy.orm.DeclarativeBase]
-]
 
 
 class ModelRegistry:

reflex/state.py

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ from typing import (
     Tuple,
     Type,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     cast,
     get_args,
     get_type_hints,
@@ -1694,7 +1693,7 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
                 return StateUpdate()
 
             event_specs_correct_type = cast(
-                Union[list[EventSpec | EventHandler], None],
+                list[EventSpec | EventHandler] | None,
                 [event_specs] if isinstance(event_specs, EventSpec) else event_specs,
             )
             fixed_events = fix_events(

reflex/vars/base.py

@@ -2405,7 +2405,7 @@ class ComputedVar(Var[RETURN_TYPE]):
         return self._fget
 
 
-class DynamicRouteVar(ComputedVar[Union[str, list[str]]]):
+class DynamicRouteVar(ComputedVar[str | list[str]]):
     """A ComputedVar that represents a dynamic route."""
 
     pass

reflex/vars/function.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from typing import (
     Sequence,
     Type,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -54,52 +53,52 @@ class FunctionVar(Var[CALLABLE_TYPE], default_type=ReflexCallable[Any, Any]):
     @overload
     def partial(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[Concatenate[V1, P], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
     ) -> FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[P, R]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def partial(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[Concatenate[V1, V2, P], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
     ) -> FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[P, R]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def partial(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[Concatenate[V1, V2, V3, P], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
-        arg3: Union[V3, Var[V3]],
+        arg3: V3 | Var[V3],
     ) -> FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[P, R]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def partial(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[Concatenate[V1, V2, V3, V4, P], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
-        arg3: Union[V3, Var[V3]],
+        arg3: V3 | Var[V3],
-        arg4: Union[V4, Var[V4]],
+        arg4: V4 | Var[V4],
     ) -> FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[P, R]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def partial(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[Concatenate[V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, P], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
-        arg3: Union[V3, Var[V3]],
+        arg3: V3 | Var[V3],
-        arg4: Union[V4, Var[V4]],
+        arg4: V4 | Var[V4],
-        arg5: Union[V5, Var[V5]],
+        arg5: V5 | Var[V5],
     ) -> FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[P, R]]: ...
 
     @overload
     def partial(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[Concatenate[V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, P], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
-        arg3: Union[V3, Var[V3]],
+        arg3: V3 | Var[V3],
-        arg4: Union[V4, Var[V4]],
+        arg4: V4 | Var[V4],
-        arg5: Union[V5, Var[V5]],
+        arg5: V5 | Var[V5],
-        arg6: Union[V6, Var[V6]],
+        arg6: V6 | Var[V6],
     ) -> FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[P, R]]: ...
 
     @overload
@@ -128,52 +127,52 @@ class FunctionVar(Var[CALLABLE_TYPE], default_type=ReflexCallable[Any, Any]):
 
     @overload
     def call(
-        self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[[V1], R]], arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]]
+        self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[[V1], R]], arg1: V1 | Var[V1]
     ) -> VarOperationCall[[V1], R]: ...
 
     @overload
     def call(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[[V1, V2], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
     ) -> VarOperationCall[[V1, V2], R]: ...
 
     @overload
     def call(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[[V1, V2, V3], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
-        arg3: Union[V3, Var[V3]],
+        arg3: V3 | Var[V3],
     ) -> VarOperationCall[[V1, V2, V3], R]: ...
 
     @overload
     def call(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[[V1, V2, V3, V4], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
-        arg3: Union[V3, Var[V3]],
+        arg3: V3 | Var[V3],
-        arg4: Union[V4, Var[V4]],
+        arg4: V4 | Var[V4],
     ) -> VarOperationCall[[V1, V2, V3, V4], R]: ...
 
     @overload
     def call(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[[V1, V2, V3, V4, V5], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
-        arg3: Union[V3, Var[V3]],
+        arg3: V3 | Var[V3],
-        arg4: Union[V4, Var[V4]],
+        arg4: V4 | Var[V4],
-        arg5: Union[V5, Var[V5]],
+        arg5: V5 | Var[V5],
     ) -> VarOperationCall[[V1, V2, V3, V4, V5], R]: ...
 
     @overload
     def call(
         self: FunctionVar[ReflexCallable[[V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6], R]],
-        arg1: Union[V1, Var[V1]],
+        arg1: V1 | Var[V1],
-        arg2: Union[V2, Var[V2]],
+        arg2: V2 | Var[V2],
-        arg3: Union[V3, Var[V3]],
+        arg3: V3 | Var[V3],
-        arg4: Union[V4, Var[V4]],
+        arg4: V4 | Var[V4],
-        arg5: Union[V5, Var[V5]],
+        arg5: V5 | Var[V5],
-        arg6: Union[V6, Var[V6]],
+        arg6: V6 | Var[V6],
     ) -> VarOperationCall[[V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6], R]: ...
 
     @overload

tests/units/utils/test_utils.py

@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ def test_is_backend_base_variable(
         (list[int], list[int], True),
         (list[int], list[float], True),
         (int | float, int | float, False),
-        (Union[int, Var[int]], Var[int], False),
+        (int | Var[int], Var[int], False),
         (int, Any, True),
         (Any, Any, True),
         (int | float, Any, True),